The Little Horn,Who is He and Why
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This is a page designed to flesh out who the Little Horn or Antichrist is and why,also where he"s from and why.I will eventually get the forum up to discuss this subject and will setup a thread for reporting daily news on this person and prophetic events in general.
Al
11-1-02

The Biblical Prophecies directed towards 'End Times' are very specific about the nature of the people, places and events of which they speak. For that reason, the world becomes a stage on which the manifestation of prophecy is played out. The players involved, whether cognizant or not of the part they play, are on stage, playing out the drama on a daily basis.

The prophecies are there, and life goes on day after day. The end time story the prophecies tell are either happening on todays stage or they are not.

Today, the people, places, and events of the prophecies are overlaying each other with a speed and accuracy that permits anyone who knows the story to watch the drama of prophecy unfold into real time history. It is literally just like watching a Broadway play!

This perspective is based on a long, on going and careful examination of the overview of the 'End Time' prophecies, and the day to day developments as they relate to the story told in those prophecies.

The insights presented here reveal a story, the brightness of which has been dimmed by traditions. Our message is simple. "The Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men". Our presentation demonstrates that truth. God has set times for all of the events in Biblical Prophecy, including the Rapture of the Church.

The conclusion of the prophecies concerning the Church, is when Jesus returns, and from the clouds, raises the dead in Christ, and catches away the living in Christ. Thus fulfilling the prophecies, and bringing the Church age to an end. It is for that purpose that we answer God's call to be His Voice from the Wilderness of cyberspace to be used in 'real time and space' to prepare the world for the coming of our Lord, Jesus Christ for His Church - The Rapture

From there, the scriptural story goes on to describe the events that will happen to the Jews, and the multitude (those that were not raptured) on earth during the next seven years.

This presentation is about:

The Biblical Prophecies directed towards 'End Times' are very specific about the nature of the people, places and events of which they speak. For that reason, the world becomes a stage on which the manifestation of prophecy is played out. The players involved, whether cognizant or not of the part they play, are on stage, playing out the drama on a daily basis.

The prophecies are there, and life goes on day after day. The end time story the prophecies tell are either happening on todays stage or they are not.

Today, the people, places, and events of the prophecies are overlaying each other with a speed and accuracy that permits anyone who knows the story to watch the drama of prophecy unfold into real time history. It is literally just like watching a Broadway play!

This perspective is based on a long, on going and careful examination of the overview of the 'End Time' prophecies, and the day to day developments as they relate to the story told in those prophecies.

The insights presented here reveal a story, the brightness of which has been dimmed by traditions. Our message is simple. "The Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men". Our presentation demonstrates that truth. God has set times for all of the events in Biblical Prophecy, including the Rapture of the Church.

The conclusion of the prophecies concerning the Church, is when Jesus returns, and from the clouds, raises the dead in Christ, and catches away the living in Christ. Thus fulfilling the prophecies, and bringing the Church age to an end. It is for that purpose that we answer God's call to be His Voice from the Wilderness of cyberspace to be used in 'real time and space' to prepare the world for the coming of our Lord, Jesus Christ for His Church - The Rapture

From there, the scriptural story goes on to describe the events that will happen to the Jews, and the multitude (those that were not raptured) on earth during the next seven years.

This presentation is about:

 

"IS OUR TIME THE END TIME
DESCRIBED IN
BIBLICAL PROPHECY"? 


 

PREPARE YOURSELF
TO BE AMAZED!

"End Times" is the period in history described in the book of Daniel the prophet, generally known as the 70th week of Daniel.

Daniels prophecy is about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, look there. He was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama going on there now, then it is end times.

In order to demonstrate the "spiritual time" in history that we presently occupy, we must step back and look at the prophecies and the stage [world] from an overview perspective.

To aid in our understanding, a brief overview of the scriptural story is necessary to set the present day stage.

 

 

 

OVERVIEW
OF SCRIPTURE

THE STORY



God created the Heavens and the Earth. After which He created man, and placed him on Earth. Man disobeyed God, building a partition between them, and went on his own, becoming the ward of the power of this earth, Satan. God promised redemption.

Later, He chose Abraham as the father of a long line of people that He would deal with throughout time in order to keep His promise of redemption, and to define a people as HIS, distinct from every other people. Abraham had two sons. Ishmael, by an Egyptian servant, and Isaac, by his wife. God choose Isaac to receive the birthright promises. Consequently, the line of Gods people came through Isaac. God promised Ishmael that he would be the father of a great people also. The Arab nations are the descendants of Ishmael. Thus, both the Jews, and the Arabs claim Abraham as their father.

Generations later He made a pact with His chosen people. They agreed to live a life of strict obedience to the law that He gave them, and in return, they would have the promised redeemer come through their lineage, who would redeem them back to God away from Satan. He provided them prophets to make His presence and desires known to them and to foretell of future events so they would know what to expect from Him in future times, and how to recognize the redeemer when He arrived. [Today, these people are known as Jews, their homeland is Israel] 

Not long after making the pact, these people rebelled against God and went off on their own again. God was furious with them, and told them so through the prophets.

In time, God decided to divide these people, and the promises that He made to them. He split them into two segments. The ten tribes, known as the house of Israel [the descendants of the sons of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel], and three tribes [also sons of Jacob], known as the house of Judah. To Judah went the kingship, and the law making. To the ten tribes went the birthright promises.

Then He judged Judah separately as a people. He promised them nothing but death in every way possible unless they repented and came back to the pact.

Then He scattered the ten tribes, telling them that no longer would they be known as His people, and He would show no mercy towards them. He actually issued them a "Bill of Divorcement".

The prophets continue to warn Judah about their ways, and continue to tell of future things that will be their destiny. Finally, the Redeemer for whom they have been waiting for many generations, arrives on the scene, and they don't recognize Him. They reject Him and kill Him.

God initiates His "fail safe" program. He unveils what had been a mystery to these people. He tells Paul about the Church. The body of believers to be assembled, to whom He will give, as a gift of Faith, without work, the reward promised to the chosen people for their strict obedience. He grafts on to the tree of the root of Abraham, the wild olive branches known as the Church -- The Christians. God now turns away from the Jews, and His pact with them, reserving a time in the future to return and conclude his dealings with them.

Ironically, some of the scattered tribes turn out to be a part of the Church, but this is overview, and that's a subject on its own.

The age of the old pact [Old Testament] is set aside, not closed, and the age of the new pact [New Testament] is open. This age will continue until the prophecies concerning its end come to pass, and how at that time, The Lord Jesus will return to keep His promise of resurrection and rapture to those who accepted and participated in the new pact. 

Following this, God returns His attention to the Jews and completes His dealing with them.

He tells of a great deception that will make them think that the redeemer they have been waiting for is on the scene. Only this person turns out to be a false deliverer. He turns on them, and again someone tries to wipe out the Jews. But, God promised to save a remnant of them.

Before they are turned upon, He sends them twelve thousand from each of their tribes to warn them of their impending fate.

Finally, the false deliverer shows his true color, defiles their temple and goes on a rampage against them, and their god.

God responds, gathers them together at Megiddo, sends His wrath, and The Lord Jesus and His people destroy them. Jesus then sets up His Kingdom on Earth.

Thus begins a new age on earth. One thousand years of rule under The Lord Jesus, after which a short final round with Satan, and eternity is ushered in on an earth made new again where God will finally abide with perfected man as He first intended.

So, In a nutshell, that's the story told in the Bible.  And, because the story has an "End Times", let's focus on whether "Our Time" are these "End Times".

As stated, "End Times" is defined as that time in history described in the book of Daniel The Prophet, and generally known as the 70th week of Daniel.

Daniel was a prophet of the Jews.

I wish it were common knowledge that the prophecies concerning this time are directed only towards the Jews. It is important that you keep this in mind during this study.

 

END TIME STORY
IN OVERVIEW

THE PROPHECY



Many of the prophets spoke of the 'End Times'. Even The Lord Jesus. However, you must understand that in prophecy, some prophets paint a subject with a broad brush, while others with a finer, more detailed brush concerning the same subject. Viewing prophecy is like looking at a distant mountain range. At first all you see is a single range of mountains in the distance, but as you get closer, you are able to see the distinction between the lower hills and the mountains behind. And, as you climb the lower hills, you can see down into the valleys below. That's just how prophecy works. Prophets saw different viewpoints of the same events, some with more detail than others.

The prophets we will examine are, The Lord Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew, Daniel, John and Paul.

DANIEL: In Chapter 2:31-36, Daniel interprets a dream of King Nebuchadnezzar. The interpretation unfolds the kingdoms that will flow out of his kingdom, Babylon. He tells that the next kingdom would be the Medo - Persian, the next, the Grecian, the next, the Roman, and one more after that, a latter day, end time kingdom, out of which would grow Antichrists Kingdom, whose ruler would be killed by God Himself, whereupon God would set up His kingdom, and it would last forever. That's five new kingdoms in all.

In Chapter 9, verse 24 Daniel outlines 490 years off history for the Jews. Beginning from a specific time, it is broken into three parts. A 49 year period, a 434 year period, and a 7 year period. During the first period, Jerusalem would be rebuilt, and by the end of the second period, the Messiah would have arrived on the scene and be killed, and finally the 7 year period that would conclude God's dealing with the Jews. There is a gap in the time between the end of the second period and the beginning of the final seven year period. So far the gap has lasted approximately 1,963 years.

In verse 27, Daniel gives an overview of that final 7 years. He chronicles the events of the beginning, the middle and the end of that period.

The time begins with an individual making a pact with the Jews that brings them peace. Part of the pact includes the rebuilding of their temple and once again sacrifices for the atonement of their sins, which has not been done since 70 AD. Three and a half years later, this individual breaks his pact with them, defiles their temple, and turns on them. He proclaims himself their god and spreads his abominations and makes their land desolate right to the end. That end coming from the great wrath of God poured out on all of them, and the Second Coming of Our Lord Jesus, the Christ. (Matt.24:30)

Daniel also details the rise of this person who is in position to make the offer that brings the Jews peace. He tells of this person coming out of an alliance with ten rulers of that day in a region encompassed by the Eastern branch of the Old Roman Empire. He tells also that as this ruler rises to power, he will make war and uproot three of the ten kings from the alliance, while the remaining seven kings support him with the authority to act for them.(Dan.7:7,8,20,23,24)

Daniel also details the geographic origin of this person (the Antichrist/False Deliverer), as coming from the Seleucid portion of the old Grecian Empire.(Dan.8:7-11)

So, we have learned from Daniel that four kingdoms will grow out of the Babylonian Kingdom, and there will be a time when a future ruler, who comes from the Seleucid portion of the Old Grecian Empire, will make and defend a pact with the Jews that brings peace to their world lasting seven years. (Allowing the rest of the world to get back to the business of buying and selling, causing a prosperous future outlook)

This makes the Jews and their neighbors at peace, their temple gets rebuilt, the sacrifice is re-established, all by reason of the defender/peace maker, and good will is felt by all in the region. Truly, the orthodoxy feels, this must be the deliverer that they have been waiting for these many long years!

Egypt isn't happy about what's going on, and calls a meeting with the defender/peace maker/deliverer. They meet, but lie to one another. (Dan.11:27) Egypt makes war against him, and is defeated. (Dan.11:40)

But, at the end of three and half years, this heretofore benefactor turns on the Jews, (Dan.9:27 ) proclaims himself as their god in their temple, (IIThes.2:4) hunts them down and starts killing them.(Rev.13:15-17)

Towards the end of the seven years there is major worldly chaos and an enormous war breaks out. (Dan.11:40-45)

The Lord Jesus, comes to this war with all his people, and emerges triumphant. (Rev.19:11-21)

JOHN: In Revelation, John describes a person entering the scene just as this seven year period begins. As the first seal opens, he enters riding on a white horse, carrying a bow, with no arrow, wearing a crown given to him in honor. He then goes to war, and what follows him is famine, pestilence and death. (Rev.6:1-8)

This is the very same person described by Daniel. Here he is seen as the peacemaker, already wearing the crown given to him in honor of having gone to war against three of the ten kings in defense of the pact made with the Jews.

MATTHEW: The Lord Jesus is speaking in overview to His disciples (Jews, no church has been established as yet) in answer to their questions concerning "End Times". He tells them of many signs of His coming, (the second coming - in vengeance) but not to be too troubled by them, because the end is not yet, and for that matter, those things are only the beginning of their sorrows.

He tells them that some of them will be saved and make it through past the "end". He tells them that He will give them ample warning, but when they see the abomination of desolation spoken of by Daniel their prophet, start running!

If you're on the roof, don't even come down to take anything out of the house, and if you're in the field working, don't go back for your clothes, because you've never seen, nor will you ever again see, what's about to happen. (Matt.24:1-37)

The Lord Jesus confirms this person described by Daniel. (Dan.9:27) The book of Ezekiel details exactly what's going to happen in overview, the book of Revelation details it one step at a time and the book of Jeremiah tells them why.

PAUL: Paul describes a person to the Church at Thessalonica, when he is reminding them that he already told them that they were not going through the Great Tribulation, because before that "man of sin" could even come on the scene they would be "caught up". He tells them that as long as the Church remains, it would be the restraining force holding back the revealing of this person. (IIThes.2:1-8)

THE LORD JESUS, DANIEL, MATTHEW, JOHN and PAUL, each with a different view of the same point in time. Each describing a certain individual, the same individual, who, the story goes on to explain, will eventually rise to the leadership of a world government. (Rev.17:1-18)

This then is an objective broad brush overview of the story told in scripture, and of the details within that story as provided by the prophets

 

THE STAGE IS SET
THE PLAYERS ARE IN THEIR PLACES

THE CURTAIN IS GOING UP!

IS IT GOING UP IN "OUR TIME"?



  Now we must examine if the point in time in which this individual is placed by the story, is our present time.

The first thing we must keep in mind during this study is that these prophecies are all directed at the Jews and their decedents. Throughout scripture, all of the kingdoms referenced are only those who have dealings with or influence over the Jews. This is not a history of the world, but a history of a single people and those who cross paths with them. (Dan9:27)
 

The signs The Lord Jesus speaks of in Matthew 24 are signs that point to the end. The end defined as the Second Coming of Christ, where He returns in vengeance, vanquishes His enemies, and sets up His kingdom here on earth. (Dan2:44) This end, is a series of events, not just one. (Rev.6-19) The series happens over a period of seven years. They happen during two distinct periods of three and a half years each. (Dan.9:27)

"Tell us, when shall these things be? and what shall be the sign of thy coming and the end of the world"?(Matt.24:3)

The Lord Jesus answers His disciples in a broad brushed overview at first, telling them that during the period before His coming they [the Jews] will hear of wars and insurrections, as Nations rise against Nations, and Kingdoms against Kingdoms, and there will be famines, pestilence's and earthquakes, all of this going on in diverse places around the planet.

 

 

Then He says that all these are only the beginning of their sorrows. Because then He tells them that while all this is happening, they will be delivered up to be killed, and that the reason for this is they will be hated for the sake of His name. Then He speaks of how the Jews will betray and hate one another. And that because evil is going on all around them, there won't be much love.

Then He gives them a little good news, and tells them that those who live through it will be saved. [meaning that their race will survive to multiply and still attain the final reward some one thousand years in the future].

Next He explains that the story of the Kingdom will be witnessed to all the Jewish Tribes [by 12,000 from each tribe] in the Nations of the world, so that they know the story of what's coming, and with that accomplished, then shall the end come. He completes the thought by telling them that if He didn't interrupt and shorten the time of the person who is killing them, none of them would survive.(Matt24:.4-22)

All of what The Lord Jesus had to say happens after the beginning of the seven year period. He describes the entire seven years in overview, which is what makes it so clear. This story confirms the story told in Daniel about the same period.

The opening part about the wars and insurrection, famine, pestilence's, and earthquakes, are presently going on. Even though they have been forever in history, and it promises to get worse, this couldn't be the time if they weren't happening now. At present there are more of these phenomena taking place than at any time during past generations.

 

 

Israel - The Focal Point

So, what's going on with the Jews today? This is the important thing to know, because this is all directed at them. They are the central figures in this drama. Although the world is the whole stage, the mid east is the focal point where the drama is being played out.

Let's begin with them when their Nation was still prophecy.  The Balfour Declaration, November 1917 paves the way for the creation of the state of Israel and when the British pull out of Palestine in 1948, prophecy becomes history! David Ben Gurion becomes the new states first prime minister.

Israel with it's sponsors, Britain and the USA, emerges onto todays scene, having survived through 4 wars, numerous attacks from many kingdoms, and presently in the midst of solving the controversy [The promised land controversy] that lies beneath the surface of the one most often discussed, the Palestinian homeland issue.

Although the Palestinian Homeland question, left unanswered since 1917, is what needs to be resolved, the reason for peace isn't made as clear as it might be. The unrest caused by the problem on the surface is effecting the entire world's economic structure, because the fuel that operates the world is OIL.

The oil and it's stability or instability is the dominating force that keeps the  world powers meddling in the affairs of such insignificant, by comparison, little countries. But, as time would have it, the world's attention is presently focused on a part of the world that is the very same Seleucid portion of the old Grecian Empire, namely, Syria, Northwest Iraq, Southern Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel, which all fall in the territory of the Eastern branch of the old Roman Empire.

Exactly where the prophets place it at the end times. No other time in history focuses the world's undivided attention on this exact little piece of ground for this exact reason, namely needing peace between the Jews and the other peoples of this exact territory. This would be a non issue if it weren't for the rebirth of Israel in 1948.

For years they tried to get to the peace table. They are finally there, and making a serious assault at peace.

A note to remember here, is that from Paul we know that the peacemaker can't be revealed while the Church is here (IIThes.2:6,7,8). The Church will not see the peace made, so therefore they won't see the peacemaker, that is, to see him make peace. But if you know the story, and see the stage set with the players, you can readily see who' s who and why.
 
 

 

 

 

 

Role Of The Hashemite Kingdom

Now, that we are looking at the stage, where this drama is being played out, we can observe the players who presently occupy that stage. Amazingly the stage today looks very much like the ancient stage, in that, most of the nations involved are still kingdoms, ruled by kings. Their boundaries have shifted, and their names have changed, but their goals of conquest, and their ambitions of power, remain the same.

Enter new players. Ezekiel also tells us Gog will be opposed by Sheba and Dedan, as well as Tarshish and all her young lions.

Sheba and Dedan are the western and southern portions of modern day Saudi Arabia. [In Daniel 11:24 we learn that Gog will invade the richest of the provinces when they feel secure.]

Tarshish is the coastal area of western Europe, mainly Spain and England, and the young lions [offspring] includes the United States.

2600 years ago Ezekiel told us that, some time in the future, the United States would be allied with Saudi Arabia, opposing a King in control of the Oil! [Overview is wonderful because the story's meaning is so clear when viewed with present day knowledge of circumstance]

[A note here about this story's spiritual elements. The God of Israel is Jehovah, but the other nations of the mid-east worship Allah, whom they declare the one true god. Allah had a prophet, his name was Muhammad, the messenger of God. His descendancy comes through the bloodline of the Hashemite Kingdom, of the old Muslim Empire; whose borders were within the one time borders of the Seleucid's of Grecian Empire times. A must in order to align with the prophecy.]
 

According to Daniel, ten kings of the region will join in a 'loose confederacy' to decide on peace with the Jews.  These Kings are Moslems, and therefore ruled by the principles of their religion, to which they remain faithful by practicing it as a way of life. In all likelihood, the honorable chairmanship, of that committee, would go to the crown of the Hashemite Kingdom, the only real religious royalty among them. The ruling descendant of the prophet Muhammad. He would be an honorable man, and be held in highest esteem as the standard bearer of Allah.
 
 

Overview Of The Hashemite Kingdoms History

The Hashemite's get their name from Hashim, the grandfather of Muhammad. The Kingdom has been in existence since early 600 A.D. The blood line passes through the centuries, when in 1921 The British Mandate of Palestine gave the territory of present day Jordan to Emir Abdullah ibn-Hussein, the heir to the Hashemite throne. He ruled Jordan for thirty years until 1951 when he was assassinated in Jerusalem while in the company of his favorite grandson, 16 year old Hussein, the present ruler of Jordan, direct descendent of Muhammad, 'the messenger of God', Emir of the Hashemite Kingdom.

A 1928 treaty with the British provides for a hereditary Emirate in the family of Abdullah, grandfather of King Hussein. In 1946 England granted formal independence and recognition to the Hashemite Kingdom. The present King, Hussein, ascended the throne in 1952.

In 1957 he survived a coup attempt through his conspicuous personal courage and support from his local allies, the British and the American sixth fleet.

In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed an alliance; the U.A.R., or United Arab Republic. Also in 1958, King Hussein formed a Federation with his cousin, King Fasil II of Iraq. Shortly thereafter King Fasil II was assassinated by a military junta backed by Egypt & Syria, who seized power and repudiated the union of Hussein and Fasil II.

King Hussein, acting under the newly formed Arab Federation's constitution, assumed leadership of the Federation and announced his intention of restoring Hashemite control in Iraq. His intentions have not changed. He wants the whole Hashemite Kingdom back. You'll notice that the Hashemite Kingdom is inside the borders of the Seleucid portion of the Old Grecian Empire. Had To Be!

Daniel describes a beast on whose head grow ten horns. And, up from the midst of them rises up another 'little horn'. This little horn pulls three of the other horns out by the roots! Even though this horn is little, it commands a lot of power. When you uproot something, it isn't there anymore. The place where it was either remains bare, or you can plant something else in its place. The little horn/ Gog/ False Deliverer/ Antichrist, will eventually occupy that space, and the space is the territory of the Old Hashemite Kingdom.

This little horn grows very large and gets so powerful that he thinks he's god. He finally goes against God and looses. But, before he does, he raises all kinds of 'hell' for the Jews and the rest of the world.
 
 

Recently Seen On The Stage


 

The Ten Kings meet, and agree on a formula to make peace, only there are three of them who won't go along. However, for the good of the remainder of the alliance, and the world around them, two of the rebel kings, Libya and Iraq, have been warred against and defeated, but not yet uprooted.
 
 


 

[Secretly instigated by the spiritually endowed descendent of Muhammad, the messenger of God, who recognizes this as an opportunity to regain control of his Hashemite Kingdom, and negotiates a way, beginning with Iraq.]
 


 

The third, Syria, is yet to be warred against. At present, Syria is acting like there is peace in her future, but it will only be temporary. The Hashemite King wants it all back.
 
 
 
 

 

 

Present Day Stage


The Old Eastern Roman Empire

Seleucid Portion - Old Grecian Empire
 

In Daniel we learn that 10 kings from an area within the boundaries of the Eastern Leg of the old Roman Empire will form a 'loose confederacy', around an agreement they make with the Jews. Also, in among them, another, lesser king, who comes from within the old Seleucid Kingdom, will come up, and he will be given the honorary leadership to act for the others. However, three of the kings rebel, are warred against, and are uprooted. The lesser ruler will be restored to his ancestral greatness. He wins the approval of the world as he is held up as The Peacemaker, the man with the solution to their problems. His benevolence lasts only as long as it takes to gain control. After that his deceitful true intentions are unleashed against the Jews. Out of this comes a great turmoil, and a final deciding battle, held on the plains of Megiddo.

Who are the ten kings from within the realm of the Eastern old Roman Empire? And who are the three that will go to war over a pact made with the Jews, and why? And who is this individual that has the key to peace, and why will he go to war against his neighbors? These questions, when answered will set the players on the stage, and from then on, you will be in position to watch the drama of history unfolding for yourself. That alone is reason enough to get informed.

The old Roman Empire stretched out over present day Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and around the Mediterranean to include Egypt and Libya.

The Old Roman Empire also stretched out in other directions, but the portion concerning these 'end time' prophecies are contained within the boundaries of the eastern branch, where Constantine ruled Rome from his capitol in Constantinople.

The land in the story of the Bible has never changed. Starting from Babylon, the territory grew under each successive ruler, until it encompassed all of the land of the middle east, from Macedonia all the way to India. Everything that happened to the tribes of the Bible, happened in that territory. The Covenant Of Daniel 9:27

In Daniels overview, the prince that shall come,  [Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, from Magog [ Iraq of Ezekiel 38, Babylon, when Daniel was written], confirms a covenant, with many, that lasts seven years. [He does this before anyone knows he is Gog.] They, the many, not all, view his formula for peace as fulfillment of prophecy and judge the offer genuine. The formula includes rebuilding the Temple, and resumption of animal sacrifice. Enough are convinced, and they misplace their trust in him as their deliverer.

 

 

The Players And The Peace

Magog / Babylon / Medo-Persian / Grecian / Seleucid / Roman / Muslim / Hashemite / Iraq, is the place Gog comes from. The last kingdom in the succession is the Hashemite Kingdom. The capital of that kingdom is Baghdad. But in Revelation 12 we learn that, Gog is made to look like a very strange beast. He looks like a leopard [the Grecian Empire of Daniel, demon possessed, which conquered quickly] has  feet like a bear [standing in the territory of the Medo-Persian Empire] has the mouth of a  Lion, [Babylon will be its capital] and, the dragon [Satan] will give him his power, his seat, and his great authority. When he becomes Gog, the world begins the last three and one half years of Daniel's 70th week.

Of those presently sitting on thrones in these nations there are only three that have not "shaken hands" so to speak with the West. They are Libya, Iraq and Syria. These folks do not want to make peace with the Jews. The remainder of the Kings are agreeable to a peace settlement, and all concerned have given authority to the Hashemite King to be the broker of a peace, which he has been trying to accomplish since the early 1980's. [He wants peace in the region for himself as much as for Israel, as he is under constant threat of losing his kingdom to one of the other Arab nations.] Even Syria, with the hatred they have carried all these years for the Jews is beginning to go along.

Over these many years, many obstacles have been put in the path of peace.  Many things to overcome. At one time in history, it might have been King Anwar Sadat of Egypt who could have made peace. He tried! He was also killed for his efforts, but not until he made peace with Israel. The need was there, surely, but there were a couple of things out of place to the set. Sadat was from Egypt, and a peace maker, not from the territory of the Seleucids'. At the end time, Egypt is ruled by a warrior. (Dan.11:40)

Begin, representing the Likud Party was King of Israel at the time, and they are the Nations hawks. No way would they concede any of the "promised land" to their enemies. They'd rather fight than switch.

So the appointed time couldn't be then, and it wasn't. However, the correct type is now on the throne of Egypt, with Mubarak the warrior, and in Israel we had the Labor Party seated, who will trade "promised land" for peace.  And, they did. Perfect! However, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated and now, Likud is back in control, taking action that is scaring the remainder of the peace loving world to death. What will Bibi do next?

Getting Yasser Arafat, the leader of the PLO, to denounce terrorism, and agree and accept that Israel has a right to exist was a major stumbling block to peace. When he finally did it, the Jews didn't like the way he said it, so they wrote it out, and to satisfy them, the next day, he read it aloud to the world. Humiliating, but convincing. It's done!

The peace would naturally be held up if the US was going to be involved, until all hostages were given up. We could not as a Nation go against our announced policy towards terrorists. So the work went on in that direction until finally that also was accomplished.

It is important to note that the West plays an important part in this for many reasons, which include their involvement as a sponsor of Israel, and their involvement with all the Kings' oil.

Present actions of Western interests are now demonstrating insistence that they get back to the table and get on with this peace. It's true that from the Western point of view the world's economy needs peace, but from the Jews point of view they desperately need peace. The longer this pressure goes on for them, the more opportunity the guns all around them have of getting itchy trigger fingers.

There are over a billion Muslims in the world compared to only about thirteen million Jews. The US is doing everything in it's power to help, and stay allied, but if push came to shove over the oil, the Jews would be in trouble and they know it! They want peace more than anyone.

 

The Muslim Interest

The Muslim zealots from that area have already shown their hatred and disregard for the power of the West. They display no regard for human life, the environment, or the oil supply. They are of a mind that if they can't dictate it's power (the oil), than no one else will either, whether they be Westerner or Arab brother.

What are these religious zealots so zealous about? Just as the Jews have a story, told by their prophets, the Muslims have a prophet, and a story. The Shiite Muslims (the Orthodoxy) are waiting for a type of Messiah also. Theirs is the spirit of the twelfth Imam. He disappeared in A.D. 878, and whose return to earth, it is said, will end all injustice and bring revival to their community. He is designated "Maudi", "the guided one".

The Sunni Muslims (the Liberals) also believe in the advent of a Maudi who has traces of a Messiah in his legend. They believe it will be the spirit of the seventh Imam, who died in A.D. 762.

Their story generally parallels the Jewish version. However, that is a story in itself, and this is overview. Just understand that both the Jews and the Muslims are awaiting a religious liberator.

Because he is the direct descendent of Mohammed, a Shiite Muslim, The Hashemite King, King Hussein is in position to fulfill the prophecies of the Muslims. He is the reason the other Muslim Kings have faith in the pact. Those against the pact would be so out of sheer hatred for the Jews, and thus would be uprooted with the blessings of the other kings, and probably helped by the remainder of the World [remember Dessert Storm?], under the sanction of the UN of course. Boy are we getting close to that!

So, the stage is set with all its players from the region so clearly identified in the story, and this time they actually have begun the process of making peace. The need for peace is even greater because of the role that oil plays in the world's economy. The pressure is building to a real head. The bombing in New York of the World Trade Center, the bombing of our barracks in Arabia, the constant misbehavior of Saddam, all directly involves the United States. Kind of like the Lusitania and the way it involved the US's feelings about entering WWI which no one wanted to get involved in, until someone started putting on the pressure. There are a lot of factions out there that want the Jews dead, not peaceful. The message seems clear, no peace with Israel, but peace must come, because there's more at stake than even terrorists can influence.

 

Further Alignments

There are other parts of the story that we need to examine that impose conditions that also need to be aligned during "End Times".

 

New Age Religion

In Revelation, we have the beginning of a new age church being described. As the 'Age' of the Church of Philadelphia closes, (Rev.3:8-10) the 'Age' of the Church of Laodicea is coming on the scene. (Rev.3:14-22)

We use the term 'Age', because, although these letters were written to specific churches at the time, it is easily seen, when studied, that each also represented a time period during the existence of that church. Each 'Age' ended when the problem era depicted by each church came to an end, as the next 'Age' comes upon the stage of history. As one would suspect, as each new 'Age' arrived, there was always a remnant of the prior 'Age' on hand, to carry forward in time, until the opening of the next. In that way, the present church, The Church of Philadelphia (brotherly love), is passing along through this time, the message of each that came before.

The story tells us that there are only seven Church 'Ages', prior to the 'end time'. The Church of Laodicea is the seventh.

In its' time, the trendy population of the Church, were "luke warm" towards God. They weren't hot or cold, and started believing that everything was OK. I'm OK for what I believe, and you're OK too. For that reason, God says that He is going to spew them out of His mouth. It was a prosperous time, and life was good on all levels for the people of the Church (body of Christ). They had all the toys one could want and really had need of nothing in their life. They turned 'aristocratic' about God. They were 'good people', with deep concerns over all of the popular worldly and church issues of the day. They were solid, god fearing, worldly folks.
 

They went to church every Sunday. But their foundations began to fade into the background, while the issues of the day, and making a living, and maintaining goods, and community standing, began to require political clout, and it eventually lost sight of what it was really all about. Today's version of the Laodicean church eventually comes riding in on the back of the beast (government) of Revelation 17.

But in the story, The Lord Jesus tells the Church of Philadelphia that He's not going to let the Laodicean 'Age' last long, because there aren't very many of the Philadelphians left. He's going to warn them, ask them to get hot for the last time, and then come for His Body, the remnant of the Philadelphians, into which any Laodicean is welcome if they answer the knock on the door. (Rev.3:20-21) [That is very important, because, 'if the shoe fits', maybe it's time to do something about it.]

The evidence of this new age Church having already begun is overwhelming. Just look around you. Everything is now OK. Black is white, morality is gone, New Age Religion is in full swing and the Church is in a rush to become a political power. Book stores are becoming full of books on 'New Age' everything. Our youngest generation is growing up in Cyberspace. Their worldly knowledge is doubling at a rate never before seen. They are also growing up at a time when both their parents work, leaving them alone to be raised by the world of cyberspace.

I believe you can surely say that Laodicea is on the stage of history in full blossom.

 

Earthquakes, Famines And Pestilences

Then there is the environmental chaos going on. Earthquakes, famines and pestilences at their highest levels ever. Holes in the ozone, polluted air, water and land. Radioactivity, deadly viruses, lethal chemical agents, all in the hands of madmen around the world. Everything you eat seems to cause heart disease or cancer. AIDS, which we only hear a smattering of the truth about, is the plague of the century.

At the end of the day, when you add these issues to the rest of the issues in your life, little wonder that you have any time at all left for something that is getting as far out of focus as God.

 

The New World Order

Then we have the one world government. It is spoken of so very easily now. They talk about the new world order as if it were something beneficial. We are definitely on our way to having that a reality in the near future. Our Country is so far indebt, that we are being forced into becoming the weapon of our debtors. There are many insider books on the market describing how the structure is in place, just waiting to happen. (One to read is "En Route To Global Occupation", author is Gary Kah, published by Huntington House).

 

Mark Of The Beast

And then, the mark of the beast. Electronic banking and the new smart card, are the precursors to the micro-chip technology that already exists to get rid of plastic, and mark the individual. How convenient that will be with no more credit card fraud, no more lost cards. Certainly, in that world, marking will play an important role in a cashless society.
 

So, the stage is set. History is moving on into the future. It should be easier to watch it happen, now that you know the story, and where we are in relation to it. You can get up to the minute world stage updates in our CHN Watcher's Newsletter.

 

The Good News!

But, Paul brings the good news when he tells the Thessalonians that, first, before any of this can come to pass, the Church, who is the force restraining it from happening, must be caught away. It is the opening event making way for the peacemaker to reveal himself on the scene and begin the events of the final seven years. (IIThes2:6-8)

As we will demonstrate in our studies, the catching away of the Church is a well documented coming event. It happens to a certain people, for a certain purpose, at a certain time.

 

You'd have to stretch your imagination, to think that God isn't going to continue to fulfill his covenant with them in the same place that He has always dealt with them. And the players will all be the same, only the names will have changed. And the places all remain the same, only now with different boundary lines and names. The predicament the world is in today is the direct result of the fulfilled prophecy of Israel's rebirth and present existence.

Ezekiel 38 begins with God saying, "Son of Man set your face against Gog, of the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal; prophesy against him and say, I am against you O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal". It goes on to say that Gog will have a fully equipped army, and will be joined by Persia, Cush, Gomer, and Beth Togarmah in his invasion of Israel.

The land of Magog, by all biblical atlases show that land to be in the northern part of modern day Iraq, just north of Baghdad.

Meshech and Tubal are in the area that today is Turkey, and portions of northern Syria as well as northern Iraq.

These are the nations that now occupy part of the Old Hashemite Kingdom [black outline], and are all in the area encompassed by the Seleucid portion of the Old Grecian Empire [white outline].

The force joining Gog for war, Persia, [Iran], Cush, [Ethiopia and Sudan], Put, [Libya], Gomer, [northern Turkey into the area of Georgia and Azerbaydzhan] Beth Togarmah, associated with the ancient Sythians, [Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan] are all former republics of the former U.S.S.R. and are all currently Moslem nations.
 
 
 
 

 

 

THE 4 KINGDOMS
FLOWING OUT OF
BABYLON
MAP OF
THE BOUNDARIES OF
THE ANCIENT EMPIRES


The Babylonian Empire The Medo-Persian Empire The Grecian Empire
The East Roman Empire The Seleucid Portion - Old Grecian Empire

Click On The Thumbnail
For A Study Of Each Empire 


Non Descript Beast

Babylon        Medo-Persia             Grecia           Rome


DANIELS "BEAST" VISION OF EACH EMPIRE

THE
BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
625 - 539 B.C.




 

Hammurabi (c. 1792-c. 1750 BC) is surely the most impressive and by now the best-known figure of the ancient Middle East of the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. He owes his posthumous reputation to the great stela into which the Code of Hammurabi was carved and indirectly also to the fact that his dynasty has made the name of Babylon famous for all time. In much the same way in which pre-Sargonic Kish exemplified the non-Sumerian area north of Sumer and Akkad lent its name to a country and a language, Babylon became the symbol of the whole country that the Greeks called Babylonia. This term is used anachronistically by Assyriologists as a geographic concept in reference to the period before Hammurabi. Originally the city's name was probably Babilla, which was reinterpreted in popular etymology as Bab-ili ("Gate of the God").

The 1st dynasty of Babylon rose from insignificant beginnings. The history of the erstwhile province of Ur is traceable from about 1894 onward, when the Amorite Sumuabum came to power there. What is known of these events fits altogether into the modest proportions of the period when Mesopotamia was a mosaic of small states. Hammurabi played skillfully on the instrument of coalitions and became more powerful than his predecessors had been. Nonetheless, it was only in the 30th year of his reign, after his conquest of Larsa, that he gave concrete expression to the idea of ruling all of southern Mesopotamia by "strengthening the foundations of Sumer and Akkad," in the words of that year's dating formula. In the prologue to the Code of Hammurabi the king lists the following cities as belonging to his dominions: Eridu near Ur, Ur, Lagash and Girsu, Zabalam, Larsa, Uruk, Adab, Isin, Nippur, Keshi, Dilbat, Borsippa, Babylon itself, Kish, Malgium, Mashkan-shapir, Kutha, Sippar, Eshnunna in the Diyala region, Mari, Tuttul on the lower Balikh (a tributary of the Euphrates), and finally Ashur and Nineveh. This was on a scale reminiscent of Akkad or Ur III. Yet Ashur and Nineveh cannot have formed part of this empire for long because at the end of Hammurabi's reign mention is made again of wars against Subartu--that is, Assyria.

Under Hammurabi's son Samsuiluna (c. 1749-c. 1712 BC) the Babylonian empire greatly shrank in size. Following what had almost become a tradition, the south rose up in revolt. Larsa regained its autonomy for some time, and the walls of Ur, Uruk, and Larsa were leveled. Eshnunna, which evidently had also seceded, was vanquished about 1730. Later chronicles mention the existence of a state in the Sealand, with its own dynasty (by "Sealand" is understood the marshlands of southern Babylonia). Knowledge of this new dynasty is unfortunately very vague, only one of its kings being documented in contemporary texts. About 1741 Samsuiluna mentions the Kassites for the first time; about 1726 he constructed a stronghold, "Fort Samsuiluna," as a bulwark against them on the Diyala near its confluence with the Tigris.

Like the Gutians before them, the Kassites were at first prevented from entering Babylonia and pushed into the mid-Euphrates region; there, in the kingdom of Khana (centered on Mari and Terqa, both below the junction with the Khabur River), a king appears with the Kassite name of Kashtiliashu, who ruled toward the end of the Babylonian dynasty. From Khana the Kassites moved south in small groups, probably as harvest workers. After the Hittite invasion under Mursilis I, who is said to have dethroned the last king of Babylon, Samsuditana, in 1595, the Kassites assumed the royal power in Babylonia. So far, the contemporary sources do not mention this epoch, and the question remains unresolved as to how the Kassite rulers named in king lists mesh with the end of the 2nd millennium BC.

THE
MEDO - PERSIAN EMPIRE
550 - 400 B.C


Cyrus II, byname CYRUS THE GREAT (b. 590-580 BC, Media, or Persis--d. c. 529, Asia), conqueror who founded the Achaemenid empire, centred on Persia and comprising the Near East from the Aegean Sea to the Indus River. He is also remembered in the Cyrus legend--first recorded by Xenophon, Greek soldier and author, in his Cyropaedia--as a tolerant and ideal monarch who was called father of his people by the ancient Persians and in the Bible as the liberator of the Jews captive in Babylonia.

 

Life And Legend

Cyrus was born between 590 and 580 BC, either in Media or, more probably, in Persis, the modern Fars province of Iran. The meaning of his name is in dispute, for it is not known whether it was a personal name or a throne name given to him when he became a ruler.

It is noteworthy that after the Achaemenid empire the name does not appear again in sources relating to Iran, which may indicate some special sense of the name. Most scholars agree, however, that Cyrus the Great was at least the second of the name to rule in Persia.

One cuneiform text in Akkadian--the language of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) in the pre-Christian era--asserts he was the son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes, great king, king of Anshan, of a family [which] always [exercised] kingship. In any case, it is clear that Cyrus came from a long line of ruling chiefs.

The most important source for his life is the Greek historian Herodotus. The idealized biography by Xenophon is a work for the edification of the Greeks concerning the ideal ruler, rather than a historical treatise. It does, however, indicate the high esteem in which Cyrus was held, not only by his own people, the Persians, but by the Greeks and others. Herodotus says that the Persians called Cyrus their father, while later Achaemenid rulers were not so well regarded.

The story of the childhood of Cyrus, as told by Herodotus with echoes in Xenophon and the Greek historian Ctesias, may be called a Cyrus legend since it obviously follows a pattern of folk beliefs about the almost superhuman qualities of the founder of a dynasty. Similar beliefs also exist about the founders of later dynasties throughout the history of Iran.

According to the legend, Astyages, the king of the Medes and overlord of the Persians, gave his daughter in marriage to his vassal in Persis, a prince called Cambyses. From this marriage Cyrus was born. Astyages, having had a dream that the baby would grow up to overthrow him, ordered Cyrus slain. His chief adviser, however, instead gave the baby to a shepherd to raise. When he was 10 years old, Cyrus, because of his outstanding qualities, was discovered by Astyages, who, in spite of the dream, was persuaded to allow the boy to live.

Cyrus, when he reached manhood in Persis, revolted against his maternal grandfather and overlord. Astyages marched against the rebel, but his army deserted him and surrendered to Cyrus in 550 BC.

 

Cyrus' Conquests

After inheriting the empire of the Medes, Cyrus first had to consolidate his power over Iranian tribes on the Iranian plateau before expanding to the west. Croesus, king of Lydia in Asia Minor, had enlarged his domains at the expense of the Medes when he heard of the fall of Astyages, and Cyrus, as successor of the Median king, marched against Lydia. Sardis, the Lydian capital, was captured in 547 or 546, and Croesus was either killed or burned himself to death, though according to other sources he was taken prisoner by Cyrus and well treated.

The Ionian Greek cities on the Aegean Sea coast, as vassals of the Lydian king, now became subject to Cyrus, and most of them submitted peacefully. Several revolts of the Greek cities were later suppressed with severity.

Next Cyrus turned to Babylonia, where dissatisfaction of the people with the ruler Nabonidus gave him a pretext for invading the lowlands. The conquest was quick, for even the priests of Marduk, the national deity of the great metropolis of Babylon, had become estranged from Nabonidus.

In October 539 BC, the greatest city of the ancient world fell to the Persians. In the Bible (e.g., Ezra 1:1-4), Cyrus is famous for freeing the Jewish captives in Babylonia and allowing them to return to their homeland. Cyrus was also tolerant toward the Babylonians and others. He honored Marduk and conciliated the local population by supporting local customs and even sacrificing to local deities.

The capture of Babylon delivered not only Mesopotamia into the hands of Cyrus but also Syria and Palestine, which had been conquered previously by the Babylonians. The ruler of Cilicia in Asia Minor had become an ally of Cyrus when the latter marched against Croesus, and Cilicia retained a special status in Cyrus' empire.

Thus it was by diplomacy as well as force of arms that he established the largest empire known until his time. Cyrus seems to have had several capitals. One was the city of Ecbatana, modern Hamadan, former capital of the Medes, and another was a new capital of the empire, Pasargadae, in Persis, said to be on the site where Cyrus had won the battle against Astyages. The ruins today, though few, arouse admiration in the visitor. Cyrus also kept Babylon as a winter capital.

No Persian chauvinist, Cyrus was quick to learn from the conquered peoples. He not only conciliated the Medes but joined them with the Persians in a kind of dual monarchy of the Medes and Persians. Cyrus had to borrow the traditions of kingship from the Medes, who had ruled an empire when the Persians were merely their vassals. It is probable that a Mede was traditionally made an adviser to the Achaemenid king, as a sort of chief minister; on later reliefs at Persepolis, a capital of the Achaemenid kings from the time of Darius, a Mede is frequently depicted together with the great king.

The Elamites, indigenous inhabitants of Persis, were also the teachers of the Persians in many ways, as can be seen, for example, in the Elamite dress worn by Persians and by Elamite objects carried by them on the stone reliefs at Persepolis. There also seems to have been little innovation in government and rule, but rather a willingness to borrow, combined with an ability to adapt what was borrowed to the new empire. Cyrus was undoubtedly the guiding genius in the creation not only of a great empire but in the formation of Achaemenid culture and civilization.

Little is known of the family life of Cyrus. He had two sons, one of whom, Cambyses, succeeded him; the other, Bardiya ( Smerdis of the Greeks), was probably secretly put to death by Cambyses after he became ruler. Cyrus had at least one daughter, Atossa (who married her brother Cambyses), and possibly two others, but they played no role in history.

When Cyrus defeated Astyages he also inherited Median possessions in eastern Iran, but he had to engage in much warfare to consolidate his rule in this region. After his conquest of Babylonia, he again turned to the east, and Herodotus tells of his campaign against nomads living east of the Caspian Sea.

According to the Greek historian, Cyrus was at first successful in defeating the ruler of the nomads--called the Massagetai--who was a woman, and captured her son. On the son's committing suicide in captivity, his mother swore revenge and defeated and killed Cyrus.

Herodotus' story may be apocryphal, but Cyrus' conquests in Central Asia were probably genuine, since a city in farthest Sogdiana was called Cyreschata, or Cyropolis, by the Greeks, which seems to prove the extent of his Eastern conquests. The legacy of Cyrus It is a testimony to the capability of the founder of the Achaemenid empire that it continued to expand after his death and lasted for more than two centuries.

But Cyrus was not only a great conqueror and administrator; he held a place in the minds of the Persian people similar to that of Romulus and Remus in Rome or Moses for the Israelites.

His saga follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world. The manner in which the baby Cyrus was given to a shepherd to raise is reminiscent of Moses in the bulrushes in Egypt, and the overthrow of his tyrannical grandfather has echoes in other myths and legends. There is no doubt that the Cyrus saga arose early among the Persians and was known to the Greeks. The sentiments of esteem or even awe in which Persians held him were transmitted to the Greeks, and it was no accident that Xenophon chose Cyrus to be the model of a ruler for the lessons he wished to impart to his fellow Greeks.

In short, the figure of Cyrus has survived throughout history as more than a great man who founded an empire. He became the epitome of the great qualities expected of a ruler in antiquity, and he assumed heroic features as a conqueror who was tolerant and magnanimous as well as brave and daring.

His personality as seen by the Greeks influenced them and Alexander the Great, and, as the tradition was transmitted by the Romans, may be considered to influence our thinking even now. In the year 1971, Iran celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the monarchy by Cyrus.

 

The Kingdom of the Medes in Iran (c. 700-550 BC)
and the establishment of the Achaemenid Persian Empire

Achaemenian DYNASTY, also called ACHAEMENID, Persian HAKHAMANISHIYA (559-330 BC), ancient Iranian dynasty whose kings founded and ruled the Achaemenian Empire. Achaemenes (Persian Hakhamanish), the Achaemenians' eponymous ancestor, is presumed to have lived early in the 7th century BC, but little is known of his life.

From his son Teispes two lines of kings descended. The kings of the older line were Cyrus I, Cambyses I, Cyrus II the Great, and Cambyses II. After the death of Cambyses II (522 BC) the junior line came to the throne with Darius I. The dynasty became extinct with the death of Darius III, following his defeat (330 BC) by Alexander the Great. Probably the greatest of the Achaemenian rulers were Cyrus II (reigned 559-c. 529 BC), who actually established the empire and from whose reign it is dated; Darius I (522-486), who excelled as an administrator and secured the borders from external threats; and Xerxes I (486-465), who completed many of the buildings begun by Darius.

During the time of Darius I and Xerxes I, the empire extended as far west as Macedonia and Libya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretched to the Caucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Desert in the south.

The Achaemenian rule of conquered peoples was generally liberal; the empire itself was divided into provinces (satrapies), each administered by a satrap who underwent frequent inspections by officials reporting directly to the king. Royal inscriptions were usually trilingual, in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian; Aramaic, however, was employed for imperial administration and diplomatic correspondence.

Building activity was extensive during the height of the empire, and of the several Achaemenian capitals, the ruins at Pasargadae and at Persepolis (qq.v.) are probably the most outstanding. Achaemenian sculptured reliefs and a great number of smaller art objects present a remarkably unified style for the period. Metalwork, especially in gold, was highly developed, and a variety of carefully executed examples survive.

 

The Achaemenid Persian Empire (529-330 BC) under the successors of Cyrus II the Great, Greek rule to c. 250 BC

The empire under Cambyses II, Darius I, and Xerxes I (529-465 BC): the subjugation of Egypt, establishment of peace in the empire, penetration of the Balkan Peninsula and the unsuccessful attempts to conquer mainland Greece

Bosporus, Kingdom of the, also called CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS, ancient Greek state situated on Kerchensky Proliv (Straits of Kerch) in present-day southern Ukraine, which reached its peak of power in the 4th century BC.

The kingdom's major city, Panticapaeum (modern Kerch), was ruled by the Archaeanactid dynasty (480-438 BC), then by the Spartocid dynasty (438-110 BC), which annexed to Panticapaeum other Greek colonies--e.g., Nymphaeum, which had been founded in the region in the 7th and 6th centuries. After the second half of the 5th century, Athenian influence was strong among the Bosporus cities; Athens controlled local trade until 404 BC and remained the chief customer of the Bosporus throughout the 4th century.

The Spartocids suppressed piracy in the Black Sea, and through their management of trade in grain, fish, and slaves, trade on the Bosporus prospered. Dynastic and financial decline began in the middle of the 3rd century, and after 110 BC the kings of Pontus controlled the region. A new dynasty, established in the 1st century AD, ruled for 300 years under the protection of the Roman Empire. After AD 342 the country was alternately under barbarian and Byzantine control.

THE
GRECIAN EMPIRE
334- 309B.C.




The Grecian Empire
Alexander the Great
Introduction

 

Alexander the Great (Alexander III), king of Macedonia, overthrew the Persian Empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a full-scale legend bearing only the sketchiest resemblance to his historical career.

 

LIFE

He was born in 356 BC at Pella in Macedonia, the son of Philip II and Olympias (daughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus). From age 13 to 16 he was taught by Aristotle, who inspired him with an interest in philosophy, medicine, and scientific investigation; but he was later to advance beyond his teacher's narrow precept that non-Greeks should be treated as slaves.

Left in charge of Macedonia in 340 during Philip's attack on Byzantium, Alexander defeated the Maedi, a Thracian people; two years later he commanded the left wing at the Battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip defeated the allied Greek states, and displayed personal courage in breaking the Sacred Band of Thebes. A year later Philip divorced Olympias; and, after a quarrel at a feast held to celebrate his father's new marriage, Alexander and his mother fled to Epirus, and Alexander later went to Illyria. Shortly afterward, father and son were reconciled and Alexander returned; but his position as heir was jeopardized.

In 336, however, on Philip's assassination, Alexander, acclaimed by the army, succeeded without opposition. He at once executed the princes of Lyncestis, alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with all possible rivals and the whole of the faction opposed to him.

He then marched south, recovered a wavering Thessaly, and at an assembly of the Greek League at Corinth was appointed generalissimo for the forthcoming invasion of Asia, already planned and initiated by Philip.

Returning to Macedonia by way of Delphi (where the Pythian priestess acclaimed him "invincible"), he advanced into Thrace in spring 335 and, after forcing the Shipka Pass and crushing the Triballi, crossed the Danube to disperse the Getae; turning west, he then defeated and shattered a coalition of Illyrians who had invaded Macedonia.

Meanwhile, a rumor of his death had precipitated a revolt of Theban democrats; other Greek states favored Thebes, and the Athenians, urged on by Remoistens, voted help. In 14 days Alexander marched 240 miles from Pelion (near modern Korçë, Albania) in Illyria to Thebes. When the Thebans refused to surrender, he made an entry and razed their city to the ground, sparing only temples and Pindar's house; 6,000 were killed and all survivors sold into slavery. The other Greek states were cowed by this severity, and Alexander could afford to treat Athens leniently. Macedonian garrisons were left in Corinth, Chalcis, and the Cadmea (the citadel of Thebes).

 

Beginnings Of The Persian Expedition

From his accession Alexander had set his mind on the Persian expedition. He had grown up to the idea. Moreover, he needed the wealth of Persia if he was to maintain the army built by Philip and pay off the 500 talents he owed.

The exploits of the Ten Thousand, Greek soldiers of fortune, and of Agesilaus of Sparta, in successfully campaigning in Persian territory had revealed the vulnerability of the Persian Empire.

With a good cavalry force Alexander could expect to defeat any Persian army. In spring 334 he crossed the Dardanelles, leaving Antipater, who had already faithfully served his father, as his deputy in Europe with over 13,000 men; he himself commanded about 30,000 foot and over 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 were Macedonians and about 7,000 allies sent by the Greek League.

This army was to prove remarkable for its balanced combination of arms. Much work fell on the light armed Cretan and Macedonian archers,  Thracians, and the Agrianian javelin men. But in pitched battle the striking force was the cavalry, and the core of the army, should the issue still remain undecided after the cavalry charge, was the infantry phalanx, 9,000 strong, armed with 13-foot spears and shields, and the 3,000 men of the royal battalions, the hypaspists.

Alexander's second in command was Parmenio, who had secured a foothold in Asia Minor during Philip's lifetime; many of his family and supporters were entrenched in positions of responsibility. The army was accompanied by surveyors, engineers, architects, scientists, court officials, and historians; from the outset Alexander seems to have envisaged an unlimited operation.

After visiting Ilium (Troy), a romantic gesture inspired by Homer, he confronted his first Persian army, led by three satraps, at the Granicus (modern Kocabas) River, near the Sea of Marmara (May/June 334).

The Persian plan to tempt Alexander across the river and kill him in the melee almost succeeded; but the Persian line broke, and Alexander's victory was complete. Darius' Greek mercenaries were largely massacred, but 2,000 survivors were sent back to Macedonia in chains.

This victory exposed western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most cities hastened to open their gates. The tyrants were expelled and (in contrast to Macedonian policy in Greece) democracies were installed. Alexander thus underlined his Panhellenic policy, already symbolized in the sending of 300 panoplies (sets of armor) taken at the Granicus as an offering dedicated to Athena at Athens by "Alexander son of Philip and the Greeks (except the Spartans) from the barbarians who inhabit Asia." (This formula, cited by the Greek historian Arrian in his history of Alexander's campaigns, is noteworthy for its omission of any reference to Macedonia.) But the cities remained de facto under Alexander, and his appointment of Calas as satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia reflected his claim to succeed the Great King of Persia.

When Miletus, encouraged by the proximity of the Persian fleet, resisted, Alexander took it by assault; but, refusing a naval battle, he disbanded his own costly navy and announced that he would "defeat the Persian fleet on land," by occupying the coastal cities. In Caria, Halicarnassus resisted and was stormed; but Ada, the widow and sister of the satrap Idrieus, adopted Alexander as her son and, after expelling her brother Pixodarus, Alexander restored her to her satrapy. Some parts of Caria held out, however, until 332.

Asia Minor And The Battle Of Issus

In winter 334-333 Alexander conquered western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of Lycia and Pisidia; and in spring 333 he advanced along the coastal road to Perga, passing the cliffs of Mt. Climax, thanks to a fortunate change of wind. The fall in the level of the sea was interpreted as a mark of divine favor by Alexander's flatterers, including the historian Callisthenes.

At Gordium in Phrygia, tradition records his cutting of the Gordian knot, which could only be loosed by the man who was to rule Asia; but this story may be apocryphal or at least distorted. At this point Alexander benefited from the sudden death of Memnon, the competent Greek commander of the Persian fleet.

From Gordium he pushed on to Ancyra (modern Ankara) and thence south through Cappadocia and the Cilician Gates (modern Külek Bogazi); a fever held him up for a time in Cilicia. Meanwhile, Darius with his Grand Army had advanced northward on the eastern side of Mt. Amanus. Intelligence on both sides was faulty, and Alexander was already encamped by Myriandrus (near modern Iskenderun, Turkey) when he learned that Darius was astride his line of communications at Issus, north of Alexander's position (autumn 333). Turning, Alexander found Darius drawn up along the Pinarus River. In the battle that followed, Alexander won a decisive victory. The struggle turned into a Persian rout and Darius fled, leaving his family in Alexander's hands; the women were treated with chivalrous care.

 

Conquest Of The Mediterranean Coast And Egypt

From Issus Alexander marched south into Syria and Phoenicia, his object being to isolate the Persian fleet from its bases and so to destroy it as an effective fighting force. The Phoenician cities Marathus and Aradus came over quietly, and Parmenio was sent ahead to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Darius' war chest.

In reply to a letter from Darius offering peace, Alexander replied arrogantly, recapitulating the historic wrongs of Greece and demanding unconditional surrender to himself as lord of Asia. After taking Byblos (modern Jubayl) and Sidon (Arabic Sayda), he met with a check at Tyre, where he was refused entry into the island city. He thereupon prepared to use all methods of siegecraft to take it, but the Tyrians resisted, holding out for seven months. In the meantime (winter 333-332) the Persians had counterattacked by land in Asia Minor--where they were defeated by Antigonus, the satrap of Greater Phrygia--and by sea, recapturing a number of cities and islands.

While the siege of Tyre was in progress, Darius sent a new offer: he would pay a huge ransom of 10,000 talents for his family and cede all his lands west of the Euphrates. "I would accept," Parmenio is reported to have said, "were I Alexander"; "I too," was the famous retort, "were I Parmenio."

The storming of Tyre in July 332 was Alexander's greatest military achievement; it was attended with great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery. Leaving Parmenio in Syria, Alexander advanced south without opposition until he reached Gaza on its high mound; there bitter resistance halted him for two months, and he sustained a serious shoulder wound during a sortie. There is no basis for the tradition that he turned aside to visit Jerusalem.

In November 332 he reached Egypt. The people welcomed him as their deliverer, and the Persian satrap Mazaces wisely surrendered. At Memphis Alexander sacrificed to Apis, the Greek term for Hapi, the sacred Egyptian bull, and was crowned with the traditional double crown of the pharaohs; the native priests were placated and their religion encouraged.

He spent the winter organizing Egypt, where he employed Egyptian governors, keeping the army under a separate Macedonian command. He founded the city of Alexandria near the western arm of the Nile on a fine site between the sea and Lake Mareotis, protected by the island of Pharos, and had it laid out by the Rhodian architect Deinocrates. He is also said to have sent an expedition to discover the causes of the flooding of the Nile.

From Alexandria he marched along the coast to Paraetonium and from there inland to visit the celebrated oracle of the god Amon (at Siwah); the difficult journey was later embroidered with flattering legends. On his reaching the oracle in its oasis, the priest gave him the traditional salutation of a pharaoh, as son of Amon; Alexander consulted the god on the success of his expedition but revealed the reply to no one. Later the incident was to contribute to the story that he was the son of Zeus and, thus, to his "deification." In spring 331 he returned to Tyre, appointed a Macedonian satrap for Syria, and prepared to advance into Mesopotamia. His conquest of Egypt had completed his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast.

In July 331 Alexander was at Thapsacus on the Euphrates. Instead of taking the direct route down the river to Babylon, he made across northern Mesopotamia toward the Tigris, and Darius, learning of this move from an advance force sent under Mazaeus to the Euphrates crossing, marched up the Tigris to oppose him. The decisive battle of the war was fought on the plain of Gaugamela between Nineveh and Arbela. Alexander pursued the defeated Persian forces for 35 miles to Arbela, but Darius escaped with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.

Alexander now occupied Babylon, city and province; Mazaeus, who surrendered it, was confirmed as satrap in conjunction with a Macedonian troop commander, and quite exceptionally was granted the right to coin. As in Egypt, the local priesthood was encouraged. Susa, the capital, also surrendered, releasing huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents; here Alexander established Darius' family in comfort. Crushing the mountain tribe of the Ouxians, he now pressed on over the Zagros range into Persia proper and, successfully turning the Pass of the Persian Gates, held by the satrap Ariobarzanes, he entered Persepolis and Pasargadae.

At Persepolis he ceremonially burned down the palace of Xerxes, as a symbol that the Panhellenic war of revenge was at an end; for such seems the probable significance of an act that tradition later explained as a drunken frolic inspired by Thaïs, an Athenian courtesan. In spring 330 Alexander marched north into Media and occupied its capital Ecbatana. The Thessalians and Greek allies were sent home; henceforward he was waging a purely personal war.

As Mazaeus' appointment indicated, Alexander's views on the empire were changing. He had come to envisage a joint ruling people consisting of Macedonians and Persians, and this served to augment the misunderstanding that now arose between him and his people. Before continuing his pursuit of Darius, who had retreated into Bactria, he assembled all the Persian treasure and entrusted it to Harpalus, who was to hold it at Ecbatana as chief treasurer. Parmenio was also left behind in Media to control communications; the presence of this older man had perhaps become irksome.

In midsummer 330 Alexander set out for the eastern provinces at a high speed via Rhagae (modern Rayy, near Tehran) and the Caspian Gates, where he learned that Bessus, the satrap of Bactria, had deposed Darius. After a skirmish near modern Shahrud, the usurper had Darius stabbed and left him to die. Alexander sent his body for burial with due honors in the royal tombs at Persepolis.

 

Campaign Eastward - To Central Asia

Darius' death left no obstacle to Alexander's claim to be Great King, and a Rhodian inscription of this year (330) calls him "lord of Asia"--i.e.., of the Persian Empire; soon afterward his Asian coins carry the title of king.

Crossing the Elburz Mountains to the Caspian, he seized Zadracarta in Hyrcania and received the submission of a group of satraps and Persian notables, some of whom he confirmed in their offices; in a diversion westward, perhaps to modern Amol, he reduced the Mardi, a mountain people who inhabited the Elburz Mountains. He also accepted the surrender of Darius' Greek mercenaries.

His advance eastward was now rapid. In Aria he reduced Satibarzanes, who had offered submission only to revolt, and he founded Alexandria of the Arians (modern Herat). At Phrada in Drangiana (either near modern Nad-e 'Ali in Seistan or farther north at Farah), he at last took steps to destroy Parmenio and his family. Philotas, Parmenio's son, commander of the elite Companion cavalry, was implicated in an alleged plot against Alexander's life, condemned by the army, and executed; and a secret message was sent to Cleander, Parmenio's second in command, who obediently assassinated him.

This ruthless action excited widespread horror but strengthened Alexander's position relative to his critics and those whom he regarded as his father's men. All Parmenio's adherents were now eliminated and men close to Alexander promoted. The Companion cavalry was reorganized in two sections, each containing four squadrons (now known as hipparchies); one group was commanded by Alexander's oldest friend, Hephaestion, the other by Cleitus, an older man. From Phrada, Alexander pressed on during the winter of 330-329 up the valley of the Helmand River, through Arachosia, and over the mountains past the site of modern Kabul into the country of the Paropamisadae, where he founded Alexandria by the Caucasus.

Bessus was now in Bactria raising a national revolt in the eastern satrapies with the usurped title of Great King. Crossing the Hindu Kush northward over the Khawak Pass (11,650 feet), Alexander brought his army, despite food shortages, to Drapsaca (sometimes identified with modern Banu [Andarab], probably farther north at Qunduz); outflanked, Bessus fled beyond the Oxus (modern Amu Darya), and Alexander, marching west to Bactra-Zariaspa (modern Balkh [Wazirabad] in Afghanistan), appointed loyal satraps in Bactria and Aria. Crossing the Oxus, he sent his general Ptolemy in pursuit of Bessus, who had meanwhile been overthrown by the Sogdian Spitamenes. Bessus was captured, flogged, and sent to Bactra, where he was later mutilated after the Persian manner (losing his nose and ears); in due course he was publicly executed at Ecbatana.

From Maracanda (modern Samarkand) Alexander advanced by way of Cyropolis to the Jaxartes (modern Syrdarya), the boundary of the Persian Empire. There he broke the opposition of the Scythian nomads by his use of catapults and, after defeating them in a battle on the north bank of the river, pursued them into the interior.

On the site of modern Leninabad (Khojent) on the Jaxartes, he founded a city, Alexandria Eschate, "the farthest." Meanwhile, Spitamenes had raised all Sogdiana in revolt behind him, bringing in the Massagetai, a people of the Shaka confederacy. It took Alexander until the autumn of 328 to crush the most determined opponent he encountered in his campaigns. Later in the same year he attacked Oxyartes and the remaining barons who held out in the hills of Paraetacene (modern Tadzhikistan); volunteers seized the crag on which Oxyartes had his stronghold, and among the captives was his daughter, Roxana. In reconciliation Alexander married her, and the rest of his opponents were either won over or crushed.

An incident that occurred at Maracanda widened the breach between Alexander and many of his Macedonians. He murdered Cleitus, one of his most trusted commanders, in a drunken quarrel; but his excessive display of remorse led the army to pass a decree convicting Cleitus posthumously of treason. The event marked a step in Alexander's progress toward Eastern absolutism, and this growing attitude found its outward expression in his use of Persian royal dress.

Shortly afterward, at Bactra, he attempted to impose the Persian court ceremonial, involving prostration (proskynesis), on the Greeks and Macedonians too; but to them this custom, habitual for Persians entering the king's presence, implied an act of worship and was intolerable before a man. Even Callisthenes, historian and nephew of Aristotle, whose ostentatious flattery had perhaps encouraged Alexander to see himself in the role of a god, refused to abase himself.

Macedonian laughter caused the experiment to founder, and Alexander abandoned it. Shortly afterward, however, Callisthenes was held to be privy to a conspiracy among the royal pages and was executed (or died in prison; accounts vary); resentment of this action alienated sympathy from Alexander within the Peripatetic school of philosophers, with which Callisthenes had close connections.

 

Invasion of India.

In early summer 327 Alexander left Bactria with a reinforced army under a reorganized command. If Plutarch's figure of 120,000 men has any reality, however, it must include all kinds of auxiliary services, together with muleteers, camel drivers, medical corps, peddlers, entertainers, women, and children; the fighting strength perhaps stood at about 35,000.

Recrossing the Hindu Kush, probably by Bamian and the Ghorband Valley, Alexander divided his forces. Half the army with the baggage under Hephaestion and Perdiccas, both cavalry commanders, was sent through the Khyber Pass, while he himself led the rest, together with his siege train, through the hills to the north. His advance through Swat and Gandhara was marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, the modern Pir-Sar, a few miles west of the Indus and north of the Buner River, an impressive feat of siegecraft.

In spring 326, crossing the Indus near Attock, Alexander entered Taxila, whose ruler, Taxiles, furnished elephants and troops in return for aid against his rival Porus, who ruled the lands between the Hydaspes (modern Jhelum) and the Acesines (modern Chenab). In June Alexander fought his last great battle on the left bank of the Hydaspes. He founded two cities there, Alexandria Nicaea (to celebrate his victory) and Bucephala (named after his horse Bucephalus, which died there); and Porus became his ally.

How much Alexander knew of India beyond the Hyphasis (probably the modern Beas) is uncertain; there is no conclusive proof that he had heard of the Ganges. But he was anxious to press on farther, and he had advanced to the Hyphasis when his army mutinied, refusing to go farther in the tropical rain; they were weary in body and spirit, and Coenus, one of Alexander's four chief marshals, acted as their spokesman. On finding the army adamant, Alexander agreed to turn back.

On the Hyphasis he erected 12 altars to the 12 Olympian gods, and on the Hydaspes he built a fleet of 800 to 1,000 ships. Leaving Porus, he then proceeded down the river and into the Indus, with half his forces on shipboard and half marching in three columns down the two banks. The fleet was commanded by Nearchus, and Alexander's own captain was Onesicritus; both later wrote accounts of the campaign. The march was attended with much fighting and heavy, pitiless slaughter; at the storming of one town of the Malli near the Hydraotes (Ravi) River, Alexander received a severe wound which left him weakened.

On reaching Patala, located at the head of the Indus delta, he built a harbour and docks and explored both arms of the Indus, which probably then ran into the Rann of Kutch. He planned to lead part of his forces back by land, while the rest in perhaps 100 to 150 ships under the command of Nearchus, a Cretan with naval experience, made a voyage of exploration along the Persian Gulf. Local opposition led Nearchus to set sail in September (325), and he was held up for three weeks until he could pick up the northeast monsoon in late October. In September Alexander too set out along the coast through Gedrosia (modern Baluchistan), but he was soon compelled by mountainous country to turn inland, thus failing in his project to establish food depots for the fleet. 

Craterus, a high-ranking officer, already had been sent off with the baggage and siege train, the elephants, and the sick and wounded, together with three battalions of the phalanx, by way of the Mulla Pass, Quetta, and Kandahar into the Helmand Valley; from there he was to march through Drangiana to rejoin the main army on the Amanis (modern Minab) River in Carmania. Alexander's march through Gedrosia proved disastrous; waterless desert and shortage of food and fuel caused great suffering, and many, especially women and children, perished in a sudden monsoon flood while encamped in a wadi. At length, at the Amanis, he was rejoined by Nearchus and the fleet, which also had suffered losses.

 

Consolidation Of The Empire

Alexander now proceeded farther with the policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors on which he had already embarked before leaving India. Between 326 and 324 over a third of his satraps were superseded and six were put to death, including the Persian satraps of Persis, Susiana, Carmania, and Paraetacene; three generals in Media, including Cleander, the brother of Coenus (who had died a little earlier), were accused of extortion and summoned to Carmania, where they were arrested, tried, and executed.

How far the rigour that from now onward Alexander displayed against his governors represents exemplary punishment for gross maladministration during his absence and how far the elimination of men he had come to distrust (as in the case of Philotas and Parmenio) is debatable; but the ancient sources generally favourable to him comment adversely on his severity.

In spring 324 he was back in Susa, capital of Elam and administrative centre of the Persian Empire; the story of his journey through Carmania in a drunken revel, dressed as Dionysus, is embroidered, if not wholly apocryphal. He found that his treasurer, Harpalus, evidently fearing punishment for peculation, had absconded with 6,000 mercenaries and 5,000 talents to Greece; arrested in Athens, he escaped and later was murdered in Crete. At Susa Alexander held a feast to celebrate the seizure of the Persian Empire, at which, in furtherance of his policy of fusing Macedonians and Persians into one master race, he and 80 of his officers took Persian wives; he and Hephaestion married Darius' daughters Barsine (also called Stateira) and Drypetis, respectively, and 10,000 of his soldiers with native wives were given generous dowries.

This policy of racial fusion brought increasing friction to Alexander's relations with his Macedonians, who had no sympathy for his changed concept of the empire. His determination to incorporate Persians on equal terms in the army and the administration of the provinces was bitterly resented. This discontent was now fanned by the arrival of 30,000 native youths who had received a Macedonian military training and by the introduction of Orientals from Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, and other parts of the empire into the Companion cavalry; whether Orientals had previously served with the Companions is uncertain, but if so they must have formed separate squadrons. In addition, Persian nobles had been accepted into the royal cavalry bodyguard. Peucestas, the new governor of Persis, gave this policy full support to flatter Alexander; but most Macedonians saw it as a threat to their own privileged position.

The issue came to a head at Opis (324), when Alexander's decision to send home Macedonian veterans under Craterus was interpreted as a move toward transferring the seat of power to Asia. There was an open mutiny involving all but the royal bodyguard; but when Alexander dismissed his whole army and enrolled Persians instead, the opposition broke down. An emotional scene of reconciliation was followed by a vast banquet with 9,000 guests to celebrate the ending of the misunderstanding and the partnership in government of Macedonians and Persians--but not, as has been argued, the incorporation of all the subject peoples as partners in the commonwealth. Ten thousand veterans were now sent back to Macedonia with gifts, and the crisis was surmounted.

In summer 324 Alexander attempted to solve another problem, that of the wandering mercenaries, of whom there were thousands in Asia and Greece, many of them political exiles from their own cities. A decree brought by Nicanor to Europe and proclaimed at Olympia (September 324) required the Greek cities of the Greek League to receive back all exiles and their families (except the Thebans), a measure that implied some modification of the oligarchic regimes maintained in the Greek cities by Alexander's governor Antipater. Alexander now planned to recall Antipater and supersede him by Craterus; but he was to die before this could be done.

In autumn 324 Hephaestion died in Ecbatana, and Alexander indulged in extravagant mourning for his closest friend; he was given a royal funeral in Babylon with a pyre costing 10,000 talents. His post of chiliarch (grand vizier) was left unfilled. It was probably in connection with a general order now sent out to the Greeks to honour Hephaestion as a hero that Alexander linked the demand that he himself should be accorded divine honours.

For a long time his mind had dwelt on ideas of godhead. Greek thought drew no very decided line of demarcation between god and man, for legend offered more than one example of men who, by their achievements, acquired divine status. Alexander had on several occasions encouraged favourable comparison of his own accomplishments with those of Dionysus or Heracles. He now seems to have become convinced of the reality of his own divinity and to have required its acceptance by others. There is no reason to assume that his demand had any political background (divine status gave its possessor no particular rights in a Greek city); it was rather a symptom of growing megalomania and emotional instability. The cities perforce complied, but often ironically: the Spartan decree read, "Since Alexander wishes to be a god, let him be a god."

In the winter of 324 Alexander carried out a savage punitive expedition against the Cossaeans in the hills of Luristan. The following spring at Babylon he received complimentary embassies from the Libyans and from the Bruttians, Etruscans, and Lucanians of Italy; but the story that embassies also came from more distant peoples, such as Carthaginians, Celts, Iberians, and even Romans, is a later invention. Representatives of the cities of Greece also came, garlanded as befitted Alexander's divine status.

Following up Nearchus' voyage, he now founded an Alexandria at the mouth of the Tigris and made plans to develop sea communications with India, for which an expedition along the Arabian coast was to be a preliminary. He also dispatched Heracleides, an officer, to explore the Hyrcanian (i.e., Caspian) Sea.

Suddenly, in Babylon, while busy with plans to improve the irrigation of the Euphrates and to settle the coast of the Persian Gulf, Alexander was taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout; 10 days later, on June 13, 323, he died in his 33rd year; he had reigned for 12 years and eight months. His body, diverted to Egypt by Ptolemy, the later king, was eventually placed in a golden coffin in Alexandria. Both in Egypt and elsewhere in the Greek cities he received divine honours.

No heir had been appointed to the throne, and his generals adopted Philip II's half-witted illegitimate son, Philip Arrhidaeus, and Alexander's posthumous son by Roxana, Alexander IV, as kings, sharing out the satrapies among themselves, after much bargaining. The empire could hardly survive Alexander's death as a unit. Both kings were murdered, Arrhidaeus in 317 and Alexander in 310/309. The provinces became independent kingdoms, and the generals, following Antigonus' lead in 306, took the title of king.




THE EASTERN
ROMAN EMPIRE
330 B.C.- 1453</CENTER
 


THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE

The city of Byzantium grew from an ancient Greek colony founded on the European side of the Bosporus. In AD 330 the Roman emperor Constantine I, in an attempt to strengthen the empire, refounded Byzantium as Constantinople, the "New Rome" and capital of the eastern half of the empire. At his death in 395 Emperor Theodosius I divided the empire between his two sons, and it was never reunited. Theodosius also made Christianity the sole religion of the empire, and Constantinople assumed preeminence over other Christian centres in the East as Rome did in the West. The fall of Rome to the Ostrogoths in 476 marked the end of the western half of the Roman Empire. The eastern half continued as the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as its capital.

The eastern realm differed from the western in many respects. It was heir to the Hellenistic civilization, a blending of Greek and Middle Eastern elements dating back to the conquests of Alexander the Great. It was more commercial, more urban, and richer than the West, and its emperors, who in the Hellenistic tradition combined political and religious functions, had firmer control over all classes of society. They were also more skillful in fending off invaders, through both warfare and diplomacy. With these advantages, the Byzantine emperors, who still considered themselves Romans, long nourished the dream of subduing the barbarian kingdoms of the West and reuniting the empire.

The greatest of these emperors was Justinian I (reigned 527-565), who with his able wife Theodora prepared for the reconquest by defeating the Persians on the eastern frontier and extirpating various heresies that had alienated the Roman Catholic church. He sponsored a compilation and recodification of Roman law and built the magnificent Hagia Sophia cathedral. Justinian's reconquests of North Africa and Italy were short-lived. The later years of his reign were marred by renewed war with the Persians and incursions by Bulgar and Slavic tribes, which created severe shortages of manpower and revenue. The weakened empire, preoccupied with internal problems, grew less and less concerned with the West. Although its rulers continued to style themselves "Roman" long after the death of Justinian, the term "Byzantine" more accurately describes the very different medieval empire.

Perhaps the most significant cultural feature of the Byzantine Empire was the type of Christianity developed there. More mystical and more liturgical than Roman Christianity, it was also less unified because of age-old ethnic hostilities in the region, the survival of various heresies among the clergy in Syria, Egypt, and other provinces, and the early use of the demotic (vernacular) languages in religious services. This disunity partly caused the sweeping success of the Arab invasions that began after Muhammad's death in 632. Within 10 years Syria and Palestine, Egypt and North Africa were under Muslim Arab control. Religious disunity continued to weaken the empire throughout the Iconoclastic Controversy (a dispute over the use of religious images, or icons) of the 8th and early 9th centuries, which left the Eastern Orthodox church split into factions and further alienated from Rome. A formal schism between Eastern and Western churches was mutually agreed to in 1054. By that time the Eastern Orthodox church had been revitalized by successful missions among the Russians, Bulgars, and Slavs, some of them directed by the monks Cyril and Methodius, whose invention of Slavonic alphabets (still called Cyrillic) made possible the translation of the Bible and the spread of literacy along with Christianity in Slavic lands.

Although the empire had lost much territory to the Arabs and to the independent kingdoms established in the Balkan Peninsula, its remnants were strengthened by a number of institutional reforms. A new administrative unit, the theme, was introduced along with a system of military land grants and hereditary service that ensured an adequate supply of soldiers. It also laid the foundation for the emergence of great landed families who in later centuries would wage dynastic struggles for the imperial throne. The Byzantine economy was actually strengthened by the loss of territory, as the shrinking empire allowed greater freedom to merchants and agricultural labour.

All of these developments led to a golden age marked by a literary renaissance and brief resurgence of military and naval power under the Macedonian dynasty, whose founder, a peasant adventurer named Basil, murdered his way to the throne in 867. The Macedonian emperors supervised the Hellenization of the Code of Justinian, into which they wrote the principle of imperial absolutism tempered only by the spiritual authority of the church. They also reversed for a time the military defeats of their predecessors and reconquered large areas from the Arabs and Bulgars.

No matter how centralized their administration or how absolute their power on paper, the emperors were unable to stop the feudalization of the empire and the concentration of land and wealth in a few great families. The rivalry between rural and urban aristocracies led each faction to nominate its own imperial candidates. While they were engaged in civil disputes, new enemies, the Normans and the Seljuq Turks, increased their power around the eastern Mediterranean.

In the late 11th century, Emperor Alexius I reluctantly sought help from the outside. He appealed to Venice, to whom he gave the first of the commercial concessions that helped make it a great maritime power, and to the pope, who in turn appealed to the feudal rulers of the West, many of them, ironically, Normans. These doubtful allies rapidly turned the ensuing Crusades into a series of plundering expeditions not only against the Turks but also against the heart of the Byzantine Empire. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the fall of Constantinople to Venetians and crusaders in 1204 and the establishment of a line of Latin emperors. The empire was recaptured by Byzantine exiles in 1261, but under the final Palaeologus dynasty it was little more than a large city-state besieged from all sides. In the 14th century the Ottoman Turks replaced the Seljuqs as the major enemy in the east. Almost the entire Balkan Peninsula fell to them, but their siege of Constantinople, begun in 1395, was prolonged by the city's near-impregnable strategic position and by Turkish factionalism. It ended in 1453, when the last emperor, also named Constantine, died fighting on the walls and the Turks took the city. The final stronghold of Greek power, Trapezus (modern Trabzon, Turkey), fell to the Turks in 1461.

 

THE ROMAN AND CHRISTIAN BACKGROUND
Unity And Diversity In The Late Roman Empire

The Roman Empire, the ancestor of the Byzantine, remarkably blended unity and diversity, the former being by far the better known since its constituents were the predominant features of Roman civilization.

The common Latin language, the coinage, the "international" army of the Roman legions, the urban network, the law, and the Greco-Roman heritage of civic culture loomed largest among those bonds that Augustus and his successors hoped would bring unity and peace to a Mediterranean world exhausted by centuries of civil war.

To strengthen these sinews of imperial civilization, the emperors hoped that a lively and spontaneous trade might develop among the several provinces. At the pinnacle of this world stood the emperor himself, the man of wisdom who would shelter the state from whatever mishaps fortune had darkly hidden. The emperor alone could provide this protection since, as the embodiment of all the virtues, he possessed in perfection those qualities displayed only imperfectly by his individual subjects.

The Roman formula of combating fortune with reason and therewith assuring unity throughout the Mediterranean world worked surprisingly well in view of the pressures for disunity that time was to multiply. Conquest had brought regions of diverse background under Roman rule. The Eastern provinces were ancient and populous centres of that urban life that for millennia had defined the character of Mediterranean civilization. The Western provinces had only lately entered upon their own course of urban development under the not always tender ministrations of their Roman masters.

Each of the aspects of unity enumerated above had its other side. Not everyone understood or spoke Latin. Paralleling and sometimes influencing Roman law were local customs and practices, understandably tenacious by reason of their antiquity. Pagan temples, Jewish synagogues, and Christian baptisteries attest to the range of organized religions with which the official forms of the Roman state, including those of emperor worship, could not always peacefully coexist.

And far from unifying the Roman world, economic growth often created self-sufficient units in the several regions, provinces, or great estates. Given the obstacles against which the masters of the Roman state struggled, it is altogether remarkable that Roman patriotism was ever more than an empty formula, that cultivated gentlemen from the Pillars of Hercules to the Black Sea were aware that they had "something" in common. This "something" might be defined as the Greco-Roman civic tradition in the widest sense of its institutional, intellectual, and emotional implications.

Grateful for the conditions of peace that fostered it, men of wealth and culture dedicated their time and resources to glorifying that tradition through adornment of the cities that exemplified it and through education of the young who they hoped might perpetuate it.

Upon this world the barbarians descended after about AD 150. To protect the frontier against them, warrior emperors devoted whatever energies they could spare from the constant struggle to reassert control over provinces where local regimes emerged. In view of the ensuing warfare, the widespread incidence of disease, and the rapid turnover among the occupants of the imperial throne, it would be easy to assume that little was left of either the traditional fabric of Greco-Roman society or the bureaucratic structure designed to support it. Neither assumption is accurate. Devastation was haphazard, and some regions suffered while others did not. In fact, the economy and society of the empire as a whole during that period was more diverse than it had ever been.

Impelled by necessity or lured by profit, people moved from province to province. Social disorder opened avenues to eminence and wealth that the more stable order of an earlier age had closed to the talented and the ambitious. For personal and dynastic reasons, emperors favoured certain towns and provinces at the expense of others, and the erratic course of succession to the throne, coupled with a resulting constant change among the top administrative officials, largely deprived economic and social policies of recognizable consistency.

 

The Reforms Of Diocletian And Constantine

The definition of consistent policy in imperial affairs was the achievement of two great soldier-emperors, Diocletian (ruled 284-305) and Constantine I (sole emperor 324-337), who together ended a century of anarchy and refounded the Roman state.

There are many similarities between them, not the least being the range of problems to which they addressed themselves: both had learned from the 3rd-century anarchy that one man alone and unaided could not hope to control the multiform Roman world and protect its frontiers; as soldiers, both considered reform of the army a prime necessity in an age that demanded the utmost mobility in striking power; both found the old Rome and Italy an unsatisfactory military base for the bulk of the imperial forces.

Deeply influenced by the soldier's penchant for hierarchy, system, and order, a taste that they shared with many of their contemporaries as well as the emperors who preceded them, they were appalled by the lack of system and the disorder characteristic of the economy and the society in which they lived. Both, in consequence, were eager to refine and regularize certain desperate expedients that had been adopted by their rough military predecessors to conduct the affairs of the Roman state.

Whatever their personal religious convictions, both, finally, believed that imperial affairs would not prosper unless the emperor's subjects worshiped the right gods in the right way. The means they adopted to achieve these ends differ so profoundly that one, Diocletian, looks to the past and ends the history of Rome; the other, Constantine, looks to the future and founds the history of Byzantium.

Thus, in the matter of succession to the imperial office, Diocletian adopted precedents he could have found in the practices of the 2nd century AD. He associated with himself a coemperor, or Augustus. Each Augustus then adopted a young colleague, or Caesar, to share in the rule and eventually to succeed the senior partner. This rule of four, or tetrarchy, failed of its purpose, and Constantine replaced it with the dynastic principle of hereditary succession, a procedure generally followed in subsequent centuries.

To divide administrative responsibilities, Constantine replaced the single praetorian prefect, who had traditionally exercised both military and civil functions in close proximity to the emperor, with regional prefects established in the provinces and enjoying civil authority alone. In the course of the 4th century, four great "regional prefectures" emerged from these Constantinian beginnings, and the practice of separating civil from military authority persisted until the 7th century.

Contrasts in other areas of imperial policy are equally striking. Diocletian persecuted Christians and sought to revive the ancestral religion. Constantine, a convert to the new faith, raised it to the status of a "permitted religion." Diocletian established his headquarters at Nicomedia, a city that never rose above the status of a provincial centre during the Middle Ages, while Constantinople, the city of Constantine's foundation, flourished mightily. Diocletian sought to bring order into the economy by controlling wages and prices and by initiating a currency reform based upon a new gold piece, the aureus, struck at the rate of 60 to the pound of gold. The controls failed and the aureus vanished, to be succeeded by Constantine's gold solidus. The latter piece, struck at the lighter weight of 72 to the gold pound, remained the standard for centuries.

For whatever reason, in summary, Constantine's policies proved extraordinarily fruitful. Some of them--notably hereditary succession, the recognition of Christianity, the currency reform, and the foundation of the capital--determined in a lasting way the several aspects of Byzantine civilization with which they are associated. Yet it would be a mistake to consider Constantine a revolutionary or to overlook those areas in which, rather than innovating, he followed precedent. Earlier emperors had sought to constrain groups of men to perform certain tasks that were deemed vital to the survival of the state but that proved unremunerative or repellent to those forced to assume the burden. Such tasks included the tillage of the soil, which was the work of the peasant, or colonus; the transport of cheap bulky goods to the metropolitan centres of Rome or Constantinople, which was the work of the shipmaster, or navicularius; and services rendered by the curiales, members of the municipal senate charged with the assessment and collection of local taxes.

Constantine's laws in many instances extended or even rendered hereditary these enforced responsibilities, thus laying the foundations for the system of collegia, or hereditary state guilds, that was to be so noteworthy a feature of late-Roman social life. Of particular importance, he required the colonus (peasant) to remain in the locality to which the tax lists ascribed him.

 

THE 5TH CENTURY:
PERSISTENCE OF GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EAS
T

Whether innovative or traditional, Constantine's measures determined the thrust and direction of imperial policy throughout the 4th century and into the 5th. The state of the empire in 395 may, in fact, be described in terms of the outcome of Constantine's work.

The dynastic principle was established so firmly that the emperor who died in that year, Theodosius I, could bequeath the imperial office jointly to his sons, both of whom were young and incompetent: Arcadius in the East and Honorius in the West. Never again would one man rule over the full extent of the empire in both its halves. Constantinople had probably grown to a population of between 200,000 and 500,000; in the 5th century the emperors sought to restrain rather than promote its growth.

After 391 Christianity was far more than one among many religions: from that year onward, imperial decree prohibited all forms of pagan cult, and the temples were closed. Imperial pressure was often manifest at the church councils of the 4th century, with the emperor assuming a role he was destined to fill again during the 5th century in defining and suppressing heresy.

"Reprinted with permission from the Encyclopaedia Britannica ©1998-2000 Britanica.com Inc. All rights reserved.


THE MUSLIM EMPIRE
AND
THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM 



THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM

THE MUSLIM EMPIRE
 

 

THE MUSLIM EMPIRE
ISLAMIC CONQUEST


In the first half of the 7th century, Syria was absorbed into the Muslim caliphate. Arab forces had appeared on the southern border even before the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, but the real invasion took place in 633-634, with Halide bin al-Walid as its most important leader. In 635 Damascus surrendered, its inhabitants being promised security for their lives, property, and churches, on payment of a poll tax. A counterattack by the emperor Heraclius was defeated at the Battle of the Yarmuk River in 636; by 640 the conquest was virtually complete. 

The new rulers divided Syria into four districts (junds): Damascus, Hims, Jordan, and Palestine (to which a fifth, Kinnasrin, was later added). The Arab garrisons were kept apart in camps, and life went on much as before. Conversion to Islam had scarcely begun, apart from Arab tribes already settled in Syria; except for the tribe of Ghassan, these all became Muslim. Christians and Jews were treated with toleration, and Nestorian and Jacobite Christians had better treatment than they had under Byzantium. The Byzantine form of administration remained, but the new Muslim tax system was introduced. From 639 the governor of Syria was Mu'awiyah of the Meccan house of the Umayyads. He used the country as a base for expeditions against the Byzantine Empire, for this purpose building the first Muslim navy in the Mediterranean. When civil war broke out in the Muslim Empire, as a result of the murder of 'Uthman and the nomination of 'Ali as caliph, Syria stood firm behind Mu'awiyah, who extended his authority over neighbouring provinces and was proclaimed caliph in 660. He was the first of the Umayyad line, which ruled the empire, with Syria as its core and Damascus its capital, for almost a century. 

'ABBASID DYNASTY 


Second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim Empire of the Caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in AD 750 and reigned as the 'Abbasid caliphate until destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.

The name is derived from that of the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, al-'Abbas (died c. 653), of the Hashemite clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. From c. 718, members of his family worked to gain control of the empire, and by skillful propaganda won much support, especially from Shi'i Arabs and Persians in Khorasan. Open revolt in 747, under the leadership of Abu Muslim, led to the defeat of Marwan II, the last Umayyad caliph, at the Battle of the Great Zab River (750) in Mesopotamia and to the proclamation of the first 'Abbasid caliph, Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah. 

Under the 'Abbasids the caliphate entered a new phase. Instead of focusing, as the Umayyads had done, on the West--on North Africa, the Mediterranean, and southern Europe--the caliphate now turned eastward. The capital was moved to the new city of Baghdad, and events in Persia and Transoxania were closely watched. For the first time the caliphate was not coterminous with Islam; in Egypt, North Africa, Spain, and elsewhere, local dynasties claimed caliphal status. With the rise of the 'Abbasids the base for influence in the empire became international, emphasizing membership in the community of believers rather than Arab nationality. Since much support for the 'Abbasids came from Persian converts, it was natural for the 'Abbasids to take over much of the Persian (Sasanian) tradition of government. Support by pious Muslims likewise led the 'Abbasids to acknowledge publicly the embryonic Islamic law and to profess to base their rule on the religion of Islam. Between 750 and 833 the 'Abbasids raised the prestige and power of the empire, promoting commerce, industry, arts, and science, particularly during the reigns of al-Mansur, Harun ar-Rashid, and al-Ma`mun. Their temporal power, however, began to decline when al-Mu'tasim introduced non-Muslim Berber, Slav, and especially Turkish mercenary forces into his personal army. Although these troops were converted to Islam, the base of imperial unity through religion was gone, and some of the new army officers quickly learned to control the caliphate through assassination of any caliph who would not accede to their demands.

The power of the army officers had already weakened through internal rivalries when the Iranian Buyids entered Baghdad in 945, demanding of al-Mustakfi (944-946) that they be recognized as the sole rulers of the territory they controlled. This event initiated a century-long period in which much of the empire was ruled by local secular dynasties. In 1055 the 'Abbasids were overpowered by the Seljuqs, who took what temporal power may have been left to the caliph but respected his position as religious leader, restoring the authority of the caliphate, especially during the reigns of al-Mustarshid (1118-35), al-Muqtafi, and an-Nasir. Soon after, in 1258, the dynasty fell during a Mongol siege of Baghdad.



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THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM
THE OLD
HASHEMITE KINGDOM
AND THE PALESTINE WAR


During World War I the Arabs joined the British against the Ottomans. In a revolt of 1916, in which they were assisted by Colonel T.E. Lawrence, the Arabs cut the Hejaz railway. In July 1917 the army of Prince Faysal ibn Husayn (of the Hashemite dynasty) captured al-'Aqabah, and by October 1918 Amman and Damascus were in Allied hands. In 1920 the Conference of San Remo (Italy) created two mandates, allotting the one over Palestine to Great Britain and the one over Syria to France. This act effectively separated the area now covered by Israel and Jordan from that of Syria.  In November 1920 Abdullah, Faysal's brother, arrived in Ma'an, then part of the Hejaz, with 2,000 armed supporters intent on raising the tribes to attack the French, who had forced Faysal to relinquish his newly founded kingdom in Syria. By April 1921, however, the British had prevailed upon Abdullah to take over as ruler of what then became known as Transjordan.

Effectively, Turkish rule in Transjordan was simply replaced by British rule. The mandate, confirmed by the League of Nations in July 1922, gave the British virtually a free hand in administering the territory, although in September 1922 it was explicitly excluded from the clauses regarding the establishment of "a Jewish national home" and was closed to Jewish immigration. The British recognized Transjordan's independence under the rule of Emir Abdullah on May 25, 1923, codified in a treaty in 1928 (excluding matters of finance and military and foreign affairs, which remained in the hands of a British "resident"). In April 1928 a constitution was promulgated. Full independence was achieved after World War II by a treaty concluded in London on March 22, 1946, and on May 25 Abdullah proclaimed himself king. A new constitution was promulgated, and in 1949 the name of the state was changed to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

Throughout the interwar years Abdullah had been dependent on British financial support. He also was assisted by them in the formation of an elite force, the Arab Legion, which was commanded and trained by British officers but staffed with Bedouin troops, to maintain order and secure the allegiance of his Bedouin subjects. On May 15, 1948, the day after the Jewish Agency proclaimed the independent state of Israel and immediately after the British withdrew from their Palestine mandate, Transjordan joined its Arab neighbors in the first Arab-Israeli war. The Arab Legion, commanded by Glubb Pasha (John [later Sir John] Bagot Glubb), as well as Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese, and Iraqi troops entered Palestine. Abdullah's primary purpose, which he had spelled out in secret discussions with Jewish envoys, was to extend his rule to include the area allotted to the Palestinian Arabs under the United Nations partition resolution of November 1947. Accordingly, he engaged his forces in the area of Palestine popularly known as the West Bank and expelled Jewish forces from East Jerusalem (the Old City). When the Jordan-Israel armistice was signed on April 3, 1949, the West Bank and East Jerusalem--an area of about 2,100 square miles--came under Jordanian rule, and the half-million Transjordanians were joined by almost half a million more Palestinian Arabs. This territory was formally annexed by the kingdom in April 1950. Israel and Britain had tacitly agreed to Abdullah keeping the area, but the Arab countries and most of the world opposed the king's action, and only Britain and Pakistan recognized the annexation. The incorporation of the West Bank, with 400,000 Palestinians, into Jordan, as well as a large refugee population that, on the whole, was hostile to the Hashemite regime, brought with them severe economic and political consequences. On the other hand, Abdullah did gain the Muslim shrines such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem's Old City, which compensated for his father's loss of Mecca and Medina at the hands of Ibn Sa'ud a generation earlier.

Abdullah was assassinated at the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem on July 20, 1951, by a young Palestinian frustrated by the king's hostility to Palestinian nationalist aspirations. Abdullah's son, Talal, who succeeded him, was declared unfit to rule by parliament because of mental illness after only one year (in August 1952). Talal abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Hussein ibn-Talal, who was crowned king on his 18th birthday, on May 2, 1953.

JORDAN
UNDER KING HUSSEIN
SECURING THE THRONE
1953-1960 



 

A country poor in resources, Jordan is surrounded by wealthier and more powerful states. More than 60 percent of its population are Palestinians, the majority of whom arrived as displaced persons following the Arab-Israeli wars of 1948 and 1967 and the Persian Gulf War of 1991. Their presence has added to the economic and political problems of the kingdom.

Jordan has had to depend on outside economic assistance for most of its history. Before 1948 this came primarily from the United Kingdom. Following the Six-Day War with Israel in 1967 aid was provided by the United States and other Western countries (although suspended during the time of the Persian Gulf War), as well as by Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates.

The history of Jordan after 1953 was largely shaped by King Hussein's policies to secure his throne and to retain or regain the West Bank for the Hashemite dynasty. Jordan's relationship with Israel in the first decade of the Jewish state's existence, although uneasy, was tolerable, though bloody raids and acts of terrorism carried out by each side added to the tension. The kingdom's involvement in the Palestinian question led as much to a contest with Egypt over Jordan's future as it did to a struggle with Israel. In particular, it repeatedly forced Jordan to walk a tightrope between various Arab nations, the Palestinians, and the West and Israel. Thus, popular demonstrations, especially in the West Bank, and pressure from Egypt prevented Hussein in 1955 from signing the pro-Western mutual defense treaty between Great Britain, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq known as the Baghdad Pact, which he had helped initiate. And in 1956 Hussein--bowing to popular pressure and in a show of support for Egyptian efforts at pan-Arab leadership--dismissed his British advisers, including Commander in Chief Glubb, and abrogated the Anglo-Jordanian treaty of 1946. However, when members of the National Guard, drawn mainly from the West Bank, attempted a coup d'état in April 1957, the king, supported by loyal East Bank Bedouins, acted decisively to curb domestic unrest; he purged the legislature of Palestinian nationalists and extremists, banned political parties, and set up a royal dictatorship.

After Egypt and Syria merged in February 1958, establishing the United Arab Republic (UAR; 1958-61), Hussein was persuaded by his cousin King Faysal II to join in a federal union with Iraq. In July 1958, however, Faysal and his family were killed in an army coup coordinated by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Hussein, realizing his regime was under threat, turned to Great Britain and the United States for assistance.

 

Washington agreed to provide additional military as well as economic aid. The British government, eager to see the pro-Western Hussein secure in Jordan, stationed British paratroops in the country between July and November 1958. This thwarted a further attempt by anti-Hashemite Palestinians supported by Nasser to overthrow the monarchy. By the early 1960s the United States was providing about $100 million per year, enabling economic development, and, despite a number of assassination attempts, the king's future appeared secure.

THE PLO
AND THE
JUNE 1967 WAR
 


The emergence in the late 1960s of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the militant group al-Fatah represented a potential threat to Jordan's sovereignty on the West Bank as well as to Israel. In early 1965 al-Fatah, supported by the radical Ba'ath Party government in Syria and encouraged by Egypt, began a series of  raids against Israel, generally from Jordan, inflicting serious casualties and damage. Israel responded with raids into the West Bank in an effort to force Jordan to quash these military operations. Relations between Jordan and Syria and Egypt and between the Palestinians and Amman deteriorated. Privately, Hussein had been seeking an understanding with Israel over an approach to the external and internal dangers facing the two countries. In late 1966 the Israeli army made a devastating raid into the West Bank village of as-Samu south of Hebron, destroying many of its houses. Hussein responded by attempting to stop the passage of Syrian-based Palestinian guerrillas through Jordan into Israel, eventually breaking off diplomatic ties with Syria (May 23, 1967). However, as tension mounted between Israel and Egypt and Syria in the spring of 1967, Jordan reversed its position and on May 30 signed a defense pact with Egypt and Syria, placing Jordanian forces under Egyptian command. Despite assurances from Israel that Jordan would not be attacked if it remained neutral, Israeli and Jordanian forces clashed in East Jerusalem, and King Hussein joined Egypt and Syria in the third Arab-Israel war in June 1967.

The June 1967 war was a watershed in the modern history of Jordan. Within 48 hours Israeli forces had overrun the entire territory west of the Jordan River, capturing Bethlehem, Hebron, Jericho, Nablus, Ram Allah, Janin, and the city of Jerusalem. Jordan suffered heavy casualties and lost one-third of its most fertile land, and its already overburdened economy was faced with supporting some 200,000 new refugees. Hussein had regarded entering the war as the lesser of two evils; he believed that, if he had not joined Egypt and Syria, they would have supported the Palestinians in overthrowing his regime. The loss of the West Bank and Jerusalem, devastating as it was, was preferable to the loss of his kingdom.


FROM 1967 TO CIVIL WAR 


Following the June war Hussein faced three major problems: how to recover from the economic losses caused by the war, how to live with Israel's occupation of the West Bank and the annexation of East Jerusalem, and how to preserve the Hashemite throne against a considerably augmented and increasingly hostile Palestinian population. The war reversed the progress made in Jordan's economy prior to June 1967, even though Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Libya provided the kingdom with foreign aid. Yet within a short period both the United States and Great Britain resumed economic and military aid. In 1971 arrangements also were made with Israel enabling Jordanian cultivation in the Jordan Valley.

Despite the fact that an Arab summit meeting held in Khartoum in August 1967 passed the "three no's" resolution--no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations with Israel--King Hussein resumed his secret negotiations with Israel over the disposition of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Relations with Israel were thus inseparably linked to the future of the Palestinians. Somewhat unrealistically, Hussein sought the return of all the territory lost to Jordanian rule, but, while willing privately to recognize Israel and to cooperate with it across a wide range of issues, he was not prepared to sign a peace treaty with the Jewish state. The two nations were thus no longer enemies and cooperated against PLO terrorism, but there was little progress toward a lasting peace.

Hussein's relations with the PLO, which under the chairmanship of Yasser 'Arafat openly challenged the king's control in East Jordan, reached a crisis in September 1970. The radical Marxist Palestinian group, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), hijacked four international airliners and blew up three of them in Dawson's Field, a deserted airstrip in the Jordanian desert. On September 16 the king declared martial law and called in loyal troops, and civil war (later remembered as Black September) erupted. When 250 Syrian tanks entered northern Jordan in support of the PLO, Hussein was forced not only to call upon military assistance from the United States and Great Britain but also to allow Israeli military over flights to attack the Syrian forces. The Syrian forces were defeated, and a peace agreement, in which Hussein made concessions to the PLO, was signed by King Hussein and 'Arafat in Cairo on Sept. 27, 1970. By July 1971, however, Hussein had forced the PLO guerrillas out of Jordan.


FROM 1973 TO THE INTAFADA 


King Hussein chose not to join Egypt and Syria in their surprise attack on Israel in the war of October 1973, although he did make a symbolic gesture by sending tanks to assist Syria in the Golan Heights. In negotiations immediately following the war, Hussein once again demanded the return of the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Israel. He was bitter that Israel--in response to pressure from U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger--proposed a withdrawal of its forces from Israeli-occupied Egyptian territory but made no such overtures to Jordan, the neighbor that had stayed out of the war. Yet by August 1974 discussions were under way with Israel over "disengagement accords" that included the recognition of Jordan as speaking for the Palestinians, regional economic cooperation, and tactical cooperation, especially in relation to the threat posed by Palestinian guerrilla groups. However, on Oct. 28, 1974, 20 leaders of the Arab League at an Arab summit meeting in Rabat, Mor., declared that the Palestinian people, under the leadership of the PLO ("their sole legitimate representative"), had the right to establish a national independent authority in liberated Palestine. On Nov. 4, 1974, Hussein announced that Jordan would exclude the West Bank from Jordan and that a federation between Jordan and a Palestinian state was "totally inconceivable," as such a step would inevitably give the Palestinian population a majority and bring about the loss of his kingdom. Faced with American reluctance to supply arms and an Egyptian-Israeli Sinai accord, Jordan and Syria, in an effort to control PLO activities, agreed in August 1975 to a joint "supreme command" to coordinate their foreign and military policies. On March 9, 1977, Hussein met with 'Arafat in Cairo, their first meeting since Black September 1970. In July 1977 Hussein, Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter once again floated the idea of a link between Jordan and a Palestinian "entity," but in August the idea was denounced by the PLO.

The election of the right-wing Likud bloc with Menachem Begin as Israeli prime minister in May 1977 brought relations between Jordan and Israel to a low ebb. Jordan was faced with Begin's determination to annex and retain all of the West Bank, which Israel now called Judaea and Samaria. Begin greatly accelerated the program of constructing Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. Although Israel was committed to granting autonomy to the Palestinians and to negotiating the future status of the occupied territories under the terms of the Israeli-Egyptian agreement hammered out at Camp David in 1978, Hussein condemned the agreement. He completely broke off the 15-year secret negotiations with Israel. From late 1977 until 1984 Jordanian contacts with Israel came to a virtual halt. Hussein became increasingly alarmed at the rise in popularity in Israel of the view that Jordan was, in fact, the Palestinian state and that the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians would end only when the artificial entity--Jordan--officially became the Palestinian state. Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982 fueled fears in Amman that this was the first step in the process of transferring Palestinians to the East Bank.

In the early 1980s Hussein sought an accommodation with 'Arafat and the PLO. The king realized that 'Arafat, following his expulsion from Lebanon and the destruction of his bases, was almost entirely friendless and in need of his support. The two men reached a temporary if somewhat uneasy alliance. In order to strengthen his legitimacy in the eyes of Palestinians, Hussein, in 1984, allowed the Palestine National Council (a virtual parliament of the Palestinians) to meet in Amman, and in February 1985 he signed the "Hussein-'Arafat" agreement pledging cooperation with the PLO and coordination of a joint peace initiative. Hussein believed that 'Arafat would accept a confederation of the West and East Banks with autonomy for the Palestinians of the West Bank under Jordanian sovereignty. 'Arafat, however, although agreeable to an eventual confederation between a future Palestinian state and Jordan, had not given up hope of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank. In January 1984 Hussein reconvened parliament for the first time since 1974, appointing seven new West Bank representatives and allowing by-elections to be held in March for eight East Bank vacancies in the 60-member House of Representatives. Women were included in the electorate for the first time.

In February 1986 Hussein, frustrated by 'Arafat's ambiguity regarding the PLO's recognition of Israel and the renunciation of terrorism, which in turn confirmed Israeli intransigence, repudiated the Amman agreement with 'Arafat and broke off negotiations with the PLO. Although the king was careful not to expel the PLO from Jordan entirely, despite an increase in guerrilla violence in the West Bank, he did order the closure of the PLO offices in Amman in March 1986. In a complete turnaround in the Jordanian policy that had been followed since the Arab Rabat summit of 1974, he declared that he would now be responsible for the economic welfare of the West Bank Palestinians and that the West Bank would be included in the new five-year plan for Jordan to be announced in August. The king also approved an increase in the number of Palestinian seats (to about half) in an enlarged National Assembly. His goal was to create a Jordanian-Palestinian-Israeli administration that would make the West Bank independent of the PLO and enable him to reach a settlement with Israel in which he would regain at least partial sovereignty of the area.

By April 1987 Hussein and Shimon Peres, Israel's foreign minister, agreed to a UN-sponsored conference involving all parties to the conflict to seek a comprehensive peace. The Palestinian representatives would be part of a Jordanian-Palestinian delegation. Although the proposal was endorsed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir wanted a conference with only Jordan and resisted American pressure for a comprehensive peace conference. King Hussein scored a diplomatic triumph with the staging of an Arab League summit meeting in Amman in November 1987. During this meeting Arab League members agreed to reestablish diplomatic relations with Egypt. More importantly for the king, the Palestinian issue was not the main topic: the Iran-Iraq War, then in its eighth year, took precedence.

The situation changed dramatically in December 1987 with the outbreak of the intafada, a Palestinian uprising on the West Bank. King Hussein quickly realized that the uprising was directed against his rule as well as that of the Israelis. His immediate response was to support the intafada publicly and to offer aid to families of victims of Israeli reprisals in an effort to deflect hostility to his regime. But the intafada leaders (known as the Unified Command) renounced the king's overtures. 'Arafat quickly assumed the role of spokesman for the revolt. The intafada brought to a halt Jordanian and Israeli plans for an economic path to peace. Hussein canceled the five-year plan for the West Bank.



RENOUNCING CLAIMS
TO THE WEST BANK
 


An emergency meeting of the Arab League in June 1988 gave the PLO financial control of support for the Palestinians, thereby virtually acknowledging 'Arafat as their spokesman. In response Hussein, on July 31, renounced all Jordanian claim to the West Bank, allowing the PLO to assume full responsibility. He dissolved the Jordanian parliament (half of whose members were West Bank representatives), ceased salary payments of 21,000 West Bank civil servants, and ordered that West Bank Palestinian passports be converted to two-year travel documents. When the Palestine National Council recognized the PLO as the sole legal representative of the Palestinian people and proclaimed the independence of a purely national Palestine on Nov. 15, 1988, Hussein immediately extended recognition to the Palestinian entity.

In November 1989 Jordan held its first parliamentary elections in 22 years. Opposition groups, particularly the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, gained more seats than the pro-government candidates, and the newly elected prime minister, Mudar Badran, promised to lift the martial law in place since 1967--a promise not fully kept until July 1991.



FROM THE PERSIAN GULF WAR
TO PEACE WITH ISRAEL
 


Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and the subsequent 44-day Persian Gulf War in January-February 1991 forced Hussein to choose between two allies, the United States and Iraq. The king leaned heavily toward the "Arab Patriot" Saddam Hussein, who also received a zealous and vocal groundswell of support from the Jordanian people. In addition, trade with Iraq represented 40 percent of the kingdom's gross domestic product. Kuwait's allies immediately cut off all aid to Jordan, imposed an air and sea blockade, and condemned King Hussein's actions. To make matters worse, 200,000 to 300,000 refugees from Kuwait were expelled or fled (back) to Jordan. However, by the end of 1991 the United States and Israel were again seeking Hussein's support for an American-Israeli peace initiative. It was later unintentionally released that Hussein had been acting as a double agent for the United States during the war. This led Saddam to place a bounty on the head of the king. However, he once again took up the challenge and became and agent for peace in the region. A peace that his kingdom needs as desperately as the Israelis. 

The first multiparty general election since 1956 was scheduled for November 1993. In August the king dissolved the 80-member House of Representatives (the lower house of the bicameral National Assembly) and announced that the election would be conducted on a one-person-one-vote system rather than on the old "slate" system that allowed voters to cast as many votes as there were representatives in their constituency. In the election the number of anti-Zionist Islamic militants--who made up the Islamic Action Front (IAF), a coalition of Islamic groupings and the largest of the 20 political parties--was reduced from 36 to 16, giving the king the support he had sought for his policy.

King Hussein expressed public reservations over a PLO-Israeli accord, the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements in the occupied territories signed on Sept. 13, 1993, but he stated his willingness to support the Palestinian people. He was concerned over issues relating to Jordan's economic links with the West Bank and the future status of Palestinians in Jordan. About one year later, on Oct. 26, 1994, Jordan and Israel signed a full peace treaty, in which King Hussein was recognized as the custodian of the Muslim holy sites in East Jerusalem.

THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM
FAMILY TREE
AND
OTHER PHOTOS OF INTEREST

<>
 

<>
THE LINE
OF THE
HASHEMITE DYNASTY
<>
 

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<>
THE FAMILY CREST
 

THE HASHEMITE KING
Hussein bin Talal
<>

 


 

 


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 The Ten Kings Of The Mideast Involved In Peace

Kuwait

Lebanon

 


THE TANGLED WEB THEY WEAVE

By Staff Writer

"Oh what tangled webs we weave, when we practice to deceive"

    Truer words have never been spoken about the cast of characters featured in "The End Time Of The Jews & Jerusalem". Daniel the prophet's deceit filled drama that is presently appearing on the Mideast stage of history.

We've come to a time in history where the lie becomes the truth, and the truth the lie.

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts, but when the whole thing is a lie, then so are all of the parts. And, as predicted, that's exactly what's evident when you watch the interaction of the players presently acting out Daniels' prophecy about the end time of the Jews and their holy city, Jerusalem.

To get a better understanding of how it all came to the present, we first have to know where the plot is going for the Jews. And of course, the objective is to bring peace and security to Israel, and rebuild the temple on temple mount in Jerusalem, and name the person who accomplishes these things, Messiah, for whom the Jews have long been waiting.

On the other hand, you have the one named Messiah, for his excellent deeds, and his motive for having the fortitude to attain such heights. And if his motives be known, they would reek of deceit, for he is a false deliverer, who has as his goals, monumental power and the ultimate destruction of the Jews, hidden deep in his heart.

But, he and the Jews are not the only ones involved. He has to perpetrate his lie to everyone involved in the peace and security of Israel, and the temples rebuilding negotiations. Each of the others involved suspect his evil intentions, because each has his own agenda for what will be the outcome of the agreed upon 'peace' that they make with Israel. Thus, each in turn lies to the other concerning their agendas, as each votes to make peace for the common good, because the option of war leads to their own annihilation.

Three of the participants cannot contain themselves at the thought of the Jews building a temple on their holy ground in Jerusalem, and must be put down in order to maintain existence of the region, and life itself. 

The insurrections are put down, and a time of peace will reign in the land of Nod. But the entire episode was built on the original lie, thus, after three and a half years, the weight of the lies breaks through the thin walls of the peace, and all of a sudden, hell is running loose among the Jews, and anyone else who tries to come against him.

All the while, the West, represented by the mightiest Democracy, is deluded into not only sponsoring him, with money, arms and promises, but aids him in his quest for powerful positions, based upon the lies hiding their own plan for world dominance.

One wonders why any of them thinks that their lie is the one that is going to stand up at the end of the day. They will all be quite surprised when the double cross comes their way, because they are each further diluted by their own lies, and don't see it coming.

The deception the Jews fall for comes about because they have been blinded by their ultra-religious segment, who is looking for a Messiah who brings peace and security to Israel, and allows for the temple to be rebuilt.

The Muslim nations each has it's own deceitful reasons to participate, but are held together in a loose confederacy by the sacred, holy nature of their spiritually endowed electee to the throne of peacemaker in their names. For this reason, they do not expect a double cross, and are shocked by the reality of it, but fall in line behind the leader, helpless before him.

No one is more shocked by his actions than the West (The Roman Empire West, sponsors of the 'little horn') They were so busy dividing up the world into ten neat little sections, each with it's own king at the helm, plenty of business, business, business to do, and, they thought their deal with him was solid (yea, solid his way), so they weren't watching close enough either.

So, he unites the Muslims around the oil, and the world is in a Mexican standoff, and because of the oil, the world stands by, and even cheers, as he turns on the Jews, and begins their systematic annihilation, as his plan called for from the start.

But, God never intended that Satan should be victorious over His people, so, He gathers their enemies together at Megiddo and Christ returns in triumph, defeats them in battle, saves the Jews and sets up His stone Kingdom from which He rules the earth for the next one thousand years.

The web of men's lies became so entangled that it brought the world to the brink of extinction, where only the God who created it, was capable of sorting it out, setting it straight and starting it over.

KING
NEBUCHADNEZZAR'S
DREAM

DANIEL - CHAPTER 2
DANIELS TELLS THE DREAM




Follows The Study


31.  Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image, whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form thereof was terrible.

32.  This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass,

33.  His legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay.

34.  Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.

35.  Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.

36.  This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king.

DANIELS INTERPRETATION

37.  Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory.

38.  And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold.

39.  And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth.

40.  And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise.

41.  And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay.

42.  And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.

43.  And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay.

44.  And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.

45.  Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.
 

 

THE OUTCOME

46.  Then the king Nebuchadnezzar fell upon his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer an oblation and sweet odours unto him.

47.  The king answered unto Daniel, and said, Of a truth it is, that your God is a God of gods, and a Lord of kings, and a revealer of secrets, seeing thou couldest reveal this secret.

48.  Then the king made Daniel a great man, and gave him many great gifts, and made him ruler over the whole province of Babylon, and chief of the governors over all the wise men of Babylon.

49.  Then Daniel requested of the king, and he set Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, over the affairs of the province of Babylon: but Daniel sat in the gate of the king.

MAP OF THE
TERRITORIES OF THE KINGS DREAM
AND DANIELS DREAM


The Babylonian Empire The Medo-Persian Empire The Grecian Empire

The East Roman Empire The Seleucid Portion - Old Grecian Empire
 

CHAPTER 7
DANIELS DREAM
OVERVIEW 


In verses 4-8 - Daniel has a dream, and it depicts the same territories as the kings dream, only in his dream he sees them as animals [beasts].

He saw four great beasts come upon the earth. The first was like a LION [Babylon].

The second was like a BEAR [Medo-Persia].

The third was like a LEOPARD [Grecia], and it had four heads.

The fourth, known as the NON-DESCRIPT BEAST, not depicted, [Rome], had great iron teeth, was dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly and was diverse from all the other beasts, and it had ten horns.

And, while he was considering the horns, another 'little horn' came up among them, by whom three of the first horns were plucked up by the roots. And the 'little horn' had eyes and a mouth speaking great things. Then God appeared and destroyed this 'little horn' and his body was given to the burning flame.

In verses 17-27, Daniel is told that the 'little horn', will make war with the Jews and prevailed, until God came along and destroyed him, and the time came that they possessed the kingdom.

He is told that the fourth beast, would be the fourth kingdom to arise [Rome], and that it would be diverse from all the other kingdoms, and would devour the whole earth, and tread it down and break it in pieces. And, the ten horns out of this kingdom, are ten kings, that shall arise, and another shall rise after them, he shall be diverse for the first, and he shall subdue three kings.

The 'little horn' will speak great words against God, he will think to change times and laws, and the Jews will be given into his hands for three and a half years. But, God's judgment shall sit, and take away his dominion, and it will be given to the people of God for ever and ever.
 
 

CHAPTER 8
DANIEL DREAMS AGAIN


In verses 4-25, Daniel tells of another dream. He saw a RAM, with two horns, pushing westward, northward and southward, no one could stand in his way, and he became great.

Then before he knew it, a GOAT, with a notable horn between his eyes, came rushing out of the west, so fast that his feet didn't even touch the ground. He ran into the RAM with such power that he smote the RAM.

Now, the GOAT waxed very great, and when he was very strong, his great horn was broken, and four notable ones came up in it's place. And, out of them, came a little horn, which waxed exceedingly great towards the south and the east and towards Israel.

It is interpreted by the messenger that the RAM is the king of Medo-Persia, and the GOAT is the king of Grecia, and the great horn between his eyes, is Alexander the great.

The four horns that come up in his stead are four kingdoms that come out of that nation, but they don't rule in his power. [Cassandra - Lysimachus - Ptolemy - Seleucus]

And, in the end time of these kingdoms, a king of fierce countenance shall stand up [the 'little horn']. And, his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power. He is going to destroy mighty ones, and the holy places. He shall come up against the Prince of Princes, and will be broken without hands. [not by man]

This is the story of the Rise of Antichrist, and also his fall, as told in symbol to King Nebuchadnezzar in his dream, and to Daniel in his dreams.
 



The kings dream interpretation is the first of Daniels prophecy, and in it, the entire story is told to him from beginning to end without regard for time. It isn't until later that his visions start telescoping in on the details of the events. He was amazed and astounded at what he was shown, and constantly asked for clarification about what he saw. The Jewish scholars tell us that angel showing these things to him is Gabriel. Gabriel explains everything clearly to Daniel, so he would not be confused. That's why it is so clear to us. There is nothing hidden in the symbolism of the beasts, once you understand the whole picture of what's going on. To put the final piece of the picture in place is John's job, in revelation.

By combining Daniel and Revelations the explanations become clear as to their spiritual significance, their earthly location and earthly manifestations. [The study on these points are published in the CHN Newsletter. Read: The Beast Behind Antichrist and Right Leg? Left Leg?]

The entire point of the story is the end. The history outlined and focused on, takes the reader on a tour from whence it came, and along the way exposes the pertinent attributes that came out of each reign of each kingdom. This also puts a definite time line into the story. In fact, the prophecy is about time. They were given to be understood in 'their time', the 'end time', because that is the only time they will be seen. Until then, with no real-time manifestation in your midst, they are just another prophecy, waiting for their time to come onto the stage of history.

But, when you have scenes from the prophecy taking place on the real-time stage of history, then they can be understood. With a previous knowledge and understanding of the scope of the story, you could relate it to the real-time events. Once you find the story on the stage of history, then you can say that now you understand it's meaning, and a prophecy becomes fulfilled. Anyone who recognizes the same, is also fulfilling the prophecy that it would be understood in it's time. This is a natural occurrence. Just as in my youth, I only dreamt of the world of computers, and me going into space [didn't know it would be cyberspace], but now, during this time, I can say that I understand the reality of what was only a dream just fifty years ago.

When you find it on the stage of present history, that automatically puts you into it's time, so you can even speculate as to it's course, using as bearings the course that its on and the destination it is trying to reach.

With respect to the end time prophecy, we believe we are witnessing the unfolding of Daniels' end time story in our time. We know that preachers around the world are united about being in the end times, but they interpret the events slanted by denominational religious tradition. But, for where ever they are coming from, they're correct.

I challenge you to show us anything else, besides Daniels Prophecy, occurring on the present day stage of history that would encourage preachers, from around the world, to tell us, and expect us to believe, that these are the end times of the Biblical prophecy.

Required here is a purely objective point of view. Assessing the prophecy and the events without bias. Using the story as the exact truth, and overlaying the present world circumstances, clear out to the fringes, is the only way you can have even the remotest chance of seeing the truth of the matter. You can not cloud it over with what you think you know based on religion, because religion is based on tradition, and tradition makes void the word of God.

Daniels prophecy is about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, look there. He was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama going on there now, then it is end times.

That is the story that we are telling here. Our basis is not because we are prophets, or think we were spoken to by Gabriel, or any such thing. We are 'amateur' eschatologists, with a consuming interest in the end times. We have been quiet observers of the day to day happenings of even the most insignificant events related to end time prophecy and real-time events for sixteen years. Also, we are Bible students who diligently pursue their meaning.

We believe that the events presently occurring in the Middle East, have reached the point in the story where the 'little horn' character is in place, and can be identified. Watching him in his big scene as it plays out leads you to know just how close we are to the Rapture of the Church.

The study before you makes a solid, scripture supported case for the identity of the 'little horn', and presents a scenario of the outcome based on the prophecy. We see it happening. If you are on the tour, stay on and get informed.

For you folks who ascribe to the Rapture of the Church and believe that it is imminent, I think you'll find "The Rapture of the Church", a feature article on this web site, especially interesting and informative.

OUR TIME IS THE END TIME!

Get Informed and Watch It Happen!

34.  Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.

35.  Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.

 

 

CHN staff writer
 
 ANTICHRIST COMES FROM EUROPE?

 


 It was almost twenty years ago when I heard the teaching on Daniel 2 for the first time, and . .BAM! . . that was it! I was hooked on eschatology. The interesting part is, my background comes out of Catholicism, where, in my day, the Bible wasn't read. I had no idea about the prophets, and that there were experts on the subject, I was just plain naive. I always had a love for Jesus since my childhood, but the extent of my knowledge about God was from the Roman Catholic point of view. I went through the Catholic school system including college, where I was taught by the Jesuits, who believe in a whole other matter. 

I have always been a free thinker, and so I sought my Bible knowledge from a variety of teachers with varying and diverse lines of thought. Other than the love of Jesus, and acceptance of Him as our Savior, I can't really find a whole lot that the rest of the Christian world agrees on. Personally, I don't think it really matters as long as Jesus is kept as the focus we can't go wrong. And, I've always said that opinions are like big toes, everybody's got a couple of them, but there aren't any two of them alike. 

When it comes to studying the end times, little on earth can compare. Well, at least for me. And one of the things that will go on being argued, till Jesus comes for us, is the so called "restored Roman Empire". 

I've had many a good go around, with some pretty learned people, on that topic. The most popular, or traditional positions that allows for the Europeans to become involved in Daniels' prophecy, to the extent that the popular prophecy preachers of the day are looking for the rise of Antichrist out of the European Community, has no scriptural, or even logical basis.

So, that's the subject that I am going to tackle here. I know articles like this are unfair, because it's all one sided. I can feel it when I get to a part I know is going to get a . . yes, but . ., and I know you can't say a word. I have the floor as long as you keep reading. But I do want to hear from you. Our whole CHN concept is for just this kind of thing. The web is interactive, so interact.

A little background first, as the most profound of my teachers used to say, long text, short message.

God had Himself quite a little plan when He decided to put this world together. And because He is God, all contingencies were covered. On the glorious day He decided to start His work, it had all been planned out to the smallest detail. He already knew the consequence of the fall of man, as well as the process of his redemption. When He unleashed His power on that first morning, He set into motion a series of carefully orchestrated events scheduled to take seven thousand years to complete.

But, before He even started, He had already accounted for details like that angel who is tied by the River Euphrates, waiting to be loosed at a specific hour, on a certain day, during the Great Tribulation. He already took into account the need to set the times of the events that pointed to mans redemption. He was already prepared to give man guidance and leadership, and, I think most important He gave His word on it. 

His word is clear, not confusing. History clearly demonstrates that when man turns his way of life with his god, into religion, the clarity begins to muddy, and before long, he gets disoriented and looses his direction altogether. Led there by the elite, who God declared a WOE on. That's a picture of God's chosen people, and Daniel was chosen to be shown the end of their story up close. Daniel gets the story starting in the time of Nebuchadnezzar, but the deception of the false deliverer [Antichrist] starts way back in the time of Nimrod. To understand why Antichrist doesn't come from Europe, you have to look at the entire tapestry, but from far enough back as to see it all.

Tamuz, the son of Queen Semiramis, who got in a family way after her husband Nimrod died, told the story that she was conceived by the rays of the sun [she said that Nimrod had turned into the sun] and that Tamuz, was the son of the sun god, the rebirth of Nimrod. He was born on December 25th. He was killed, in a hunting accident when he was about 25, and his mother mourned him for forty days. [That's where the Catholics get lent, through the mystery religions out of Pergamus.] After his death, his mother spread the word that he had risen and gone back to the sun The story of the deception of man started in the garden for sure, but for Gods chosen the shadow for Antichrist was cast with the birth of Tamuz. And that happened in the Euphrates River Valley. The Antichrist will come from the same place, the story says he does, and guess what, he does!

The Kingdom of Babylon became the mightiest in the world. In the time of Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel was a captured Jewish slave, who was raised to the highest position in the Kings court, because he was able to define, and interpret a disturbing dream of the King. That dream, and Daniels' other prophecies are the most engrossing pieces of future history reporting, with an accuracy so exact that some try to say it was written as history rather than prophecy. That it was an pseudogram, not written by Daniel at all. Which has proven to be false.

The kings dream of the 'Great Image' revealed four kingdoms flowing out of Babylon. The clue here is that they came out of Babylon, out of Nimrod's Mesopotamian area, and then one conqueror after another enlarged and controlled the area that is now known as the Mideast. Babylon always became their capitol.

And, in God's perfection, each of the empires leaves us with further knowledge, and greater understanding of the territory of the deception, the territory of rectification, the territory of re-deception and finally the territory of Armageddon! And at the end of the day, they are all the same place.

Now, as we move through history, during this time, known as the 'Age of the Church', we look over at the same territory, and see Daniels' story of the last days of his people and his holy city walking around on the stage of history, playing out with a few different boundaries, and a few different names, but they are still fighting over that same piece of ground, and sticking to the script like it was secured there by expensive wall paper paste.

Hey!, we're right up to modern times, when are all these Europeans going to start getting into the story. Oh yeah, the fourth beast. The non descript with the great iron teeth, and the big feet. I knew we had to get around to him.

Daniel perfectly describes the Roman Empire, as the hips give way to two iron legs, depicting Rome as the empire was split under Constantine. He stretched the empire east, around the Black Sea, The Bosporus region, along the Caucuses to the Caspian Sea, and back around, cutting across territory that is now Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt and Libya. My, my, it seems that we are back in the same old place. By the time Constantine had spread the empire to this end of the earth, Rome to the west wasn't in control of the east. It's the eastern leg of the Roman Empire that plays the key role in the understanding of Daniels' story.

The Persian era shows us the shadow cast for the return to Israel. It was during this time that the decree was given to the Jews to go back to Jerusalem, and rebuild the temple, the city and the wall, as they were permitted a theocracy within the Persian Kingdom. One of these decrees, the one to rebuild the city, is the 'set time' that started the clock of Daniels seventy weeks.

On today's stage the Jews have already returned [1948], and soon, they will again rebuild their temple because of a 'benevolent ruler'. How about that? Here's another, the Hashemite King, by way of heredity and treaty, is in charge of the Muslim holy sites. What do you make of that? Just one more; scripture says that the outer court is for the gentiles. There's plenty of room on temple mount to rebuild the holy of holy's and the alter of sacrifice, without disturbing the Muslim holy places, and the Jews are completely ready to restart their practice of animal sacrifice for the atonement of their sins.

The Greeks, they brought their everlasting language and culture along with the knowledge of Antichrists spirit, [read The Spirit Behind Antichrist in this edition] and the four kingdoms coming out of it, whose relationships, in some cases are still in tact. General Seleucus got the territory central to this story. It's known as the Seleucid portion of the Grecian Empire, and it runs right across the middle of our little neighborhood, and contained within it's borders is the Hashemite Kingdom.

From Babylon, we get the Capital. The center has always been there. It never really moved, as we will see. 

The future end time, seventh, kingdom of the 'little horn' is born out of a loose confederacy of some weak and some strong kings from that region, coming together on a decision for peace. Because peace is cessation of againstness, the other alternative that was being decided upon was WAR. Kings dissenting to peace get up rooted.

Interesting choice of words, uprooted. To me it means that you remove it permanently. Putting something else back in its place. It's a short lived kingdom, but the king doesn't know that. He's planning long range. The king gains the kingdom by flattery, and shares the spoils with the people. (That sounds more Moslem as opposed to Western or European)

The only kingdom in the middle east today, which has Baghdad as its' capital, is the Hashemite Kingdom. Although presently under the tyrannical rule of Saddam Hussein, it is the stolen property of the current ruling Hashemite King of Jordan, who vowed, at the time it was stolen, to return it to Hashemite rule.

The 'little horn' [referring now, to the personage after having risen to Antichrist, because the demon is back] comes from Magog (Iraq), his kingdom is in the territory of the bear [Medo-Persia], he moves with the swiftness of a leopard and rules in his power [Grecia], he speaks with the voice of the dragon [Satan, demon possessed], and his capitol is Baghdad. Well, maybe he's an Italian temporarily living there, or maybe, HE IS WHO IT SAYS HE IS!

The 'little horn' is described as 'little', because of his apparent minority status, not because of his personal stature. In fact, he is a king, and he would be an educated, highly principled, patient, reasonable man, in order for him to have bestowed upon him a crown of authority for the job he apparently does with the peace, and restoration of the temple, and causing, or aiding in the uprooting of those determined that peace should not happen.

His motivation would always be in his heart, and since he wins his throne by flattery, rather than truth, his heart must be deceitful. 

His rise from 'little' status to full grown trust and respect status happens as fast as Alexander took the Medes. It must be an opportunity that comes about unexpectedly, that makes him move fast, and decisive. The move he makes apparently brings about the long sought after peace. The foes are defeated, and peace reigns supreme in the land of Nod.

But it's all a show. He was acting on his deceitful heart, no matter what it looked like, and when the time is right, he makes his Gog move, uses his trusty position and gains control of the oil, and being that his god is a god of munitions, he has plenty stored up. The old double double cross is about to happen, and the Jews don't see it coming because they have been lulled to sleep by his flattery. Bye, bye.
  


 

In the early 600's, our territory map got consumed by the Muslim Empire. The Hashemite Kingdom was the Kingdom of Muhammad, the prophet of Allah. The kingdom was named for Hashim, Muhammad's' grandfather. Its borders closely resemble the borders of the Seleucid portion of the Grecian Empire. Again, right across the middle of Gods playground. The present Hashemite ruler lost his kingdom, and a favorite part of his family, to a bunch of thugs from Egypt and Syria. They've tried to kill him a couple of times.  His Hashemite Kingdom is now down to Iraq, and the little piece of dessert called Jordan that the British gave his Grandfather for helping Lawrence of Arabia win the day in 1916. Which, by the way, belonged to the Palestinians. After the military junta took out the royal family, they came after him. but were unsuccessful. The Brits, the American 6th Fleet, local loyalist, and his personal courage saved that day. Anyway, the capital of the Hashemite Kingdom is Baghdad. There we go again, right back in Babylon! You know what, I haven't seen an Italian, or a Frenchman anywhere in sight.

On today's' map, you can see where the old property lines cross the new ones, what the new names are and who the new kings are. Strangely enough, these are the same guys that are either ready to kill, or ready to make peace with Gods People, the Jews. You saw what old Saddam did, didn't you? He made a play for the oil and all that goes with that. Really acting like an Antichrist, but he's no 'little horn', he's too mean. And, you saw how fast the world came running when it was the oil at stake. They got lucky this time, they saved it before it all burned up or drained away. They had to keep the Jews out of it for fear of escalation to the nuclear level.

And, all the while Daniels' little drama is screaming for a 'little horn' character to pop up, but not out of Europe, out of ten kings from that region. Only someone from there can have a solution to their problem, because their problem is land and its control. The deception will happen there, to the Jews, by one trusted by them, from long relationships, and religious ties.

So, don't look to Europe for a false deliverer for the Jews. He's already on stage, unanimously elected by the world's leaders, and hailed by the Israelis as The Peacemaker! [take this link, it verifies this story, which was first written years prior to the appearance of that headline and article.]

The Eastern Leg of the Old Roman Empire wins again!

Daniels prophecy was about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, look there. He was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama going on there now, then it is end times.

For you folks who ascribe to the Rapture of the Church and believe that it is immanent, I think you'll find "The Rapture of the Church", a feature article this month in the CHN Newsletter, especially interesting and informative.

You can link to the other feature articles related to this topic below.

In Part II, we are going to look at Daniels' dream about all the animals. You'll like that. See you then. And, let me hear from you.

CHN Staff writer

THE PRINCE OF GRECIA

 

Once you understand it, the tie between the beast in Daniel 10 and Revelation 13 and 17 points directly at the identity of the spiritual force behind the 'little horn' character that turns a heretofore benevolent ruler into a mighty force the world will have to reckon with. 

You will never understand the connection if you don't believe in spiritual forces [demons]. 

You can't say you believe in the Bible, and then say you don't believe in demons. This is not going to be a lesson in demonology, you'll have to discover their reality from the Bible yourself, or wait until I do an article on the subject. For the purpose of this little adventure of discovery, you'll just have to take scriptures word on it, and go for the gestalt of the picture that's painted.

The one thing about demons you do need to know is that there is a place that they are kept when they are defeated. [We're talking about spirits here, they don't die, they get bound]. The place is referred to as The Abyss, The Pit, The Bottomless Pit, but the word that is being translated is ABYSS. The 'legions' [of demons] that possessed the demoniac that Jesus encountered were worried that He was sending them to the Abyss before their time. Revelations says Satan will be bound there for a thousand years, and calls for the 'locust demons' and The Prince of Grecia to come out of there.

Prince Grecia is the central focus of our story. The angelic citizens of Heaven who have fallen have some kind of pecking order, as there are Princes, Chief Princes, and demons. A Chief Prince, some Princes, and a mess of demons are in charge of this world. They rule! And, they rule through us, the citizens of earth.

In Daniel we learn that at one time, Prince Grecia, an angelic prince from among the ranks of the fallen, was ruler over the earthly Greek Prince, Alexander, whose military exploits in early B.C., gained him the historic title, 'Alexander The Great'. 

Those military exploits play an important role in this story, because Daniel tells us that when Alexander comes into the scene in history, he easily uproots and replaces a formerly unbeatable Medo-Persian Empire, also that he would die at the height of his power, his kingdom would split into four parts, and the rulers of those parts would not be his prodigy, nor rule in HIS POWER. So, the divided kingdom would no longer be ruled by Prince Grecia [defeated spirits go to the ABYSS]. This was all depicted in the prophecy as a Goat and a Ram, and then clearly interpreted by the angel.

Daniel had already seen this kingdom twice before. Once as the 'sides and belly of brass', of king Nebuchadnezzar's' dream, then again as the leopard in his own dream, and now the meaning becomes clear when he sees it for the third time, up close, with the Goat and the Ram and their explanation.

The angel bringing this message to Daniel told him a story about his delayed arrival that exposes the 'angel hierarchy'. He tells Daniel that he had heard his prayer three weeks earlier, but his arrival was delayed because of a battle he had to fight with the Prince of Persia. Daniel was in the court of the earthly Prince of Persia and the fight wasn't with him. It was the spiritual head of the Empire, the fallen Prince, Persia. The angel told Daniel that he enlisted the help of Prince Michael, the Chief of Heavenly Princes, someone who owed him a favor, to fight a sort of holding action, while he delivered his message. Then he said, when he returns to the battle, the Prince of Persia would be no more [off to the ABYSS], but, lo, the Prince of Grecia comes.

That explains why Medo-Persia fell so easily to Alexander. The former spiritual head of the kingdom had been defeated in a battle with Michael and Gabriel, leaving the territory vulnerable to the invasion by another spiritual head. And when Alexander comes on the scene so does the Prince of Grecia! When The Great Alex dies, the spiritual head, Prince Grecia, [does not pass go, does not collect $200], he goes directly to the ABYSS, wounded, as was slain to death, locked up with his pal, Prince Persia, the 'locust demons', and the rest of God knows what.

In Revelations, John sees the same seven headed, ten horned beast that Daniel had seen. Here the beasts [kingdoms], are described as the animals depicted in Daniels' vision. The beast, looked like a leopard [it's leader had the swiftness and DEMON POWER of Prince Grecia], had feet like a bear [his kingdom is in the territory of the Medes], had the mouth of a lion [his capital is in Babylon], and the dragon [he's on Satan's payroll] gave him his seat and great authority.

These are the characteristics, in broad brush, of the demon behind Antichrist and his Kingdom. 

John narrows his focus to one of the seven heads. He looks at the head that was wounded, as to death, and saw it's 'deadly wound' was healed. When Daniel saw this same head, in his vision, it was described as; the beast that 'was, is not, and shall come again'.

Bound in the ABYSS to a spirit being is the same as death to us. Once there, there's no getting out, they're the same as dead! Getting out of the ABYSS and regaining your former stature would constitute the healing of a deadly wound. This is the spirit we are talking about in this passage, so the spirit head was wounded, as to death, and later, he regains his spiritual leadership role, thereby healing his mortal wounds. And then, after he's back in charge, he gets a mouth! A person to speak his words. 

That's the day [and it is one of God's set times] when benevolence dissolves into GOG. And, he's back in Magog, his old headquarters.

This is explained by the angel in Revelations 17. The angel told him the beast [the wounded head spirit] that you're looking at, was [before Johns' time], is not [during Johns' time], and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit [the ABYSS], and go into perdition [evil deeds], and become the eighth in a line of a succession of kings that started with ancient Egypt and flowed through Babylon. They were Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Grecia, Rome, end time (seventh kingdom) and Antichrists, the eighth.

He, the wounded head spirit, is the eighth head, but he came out of the seventh kingdom. The seventh kingdom is the end time, physical kingdom, lead by the seventh physical king.

The seventh king, comes out of ten kings from that region, acts as the peacemaker, is given back his ancestral throne [the 'little horn', seventh kingdom], whose capital is Baghdad, and whose kingdom is within the area of the Seleucid portion of the Old Grecian Empire, Prince Grecia's old domain.

The spiritual leader of that kingdom, Prince Grecia, possesses the seventh king, and becomes the eighth ruler in succession. The former Prince of the Empire, Prince Grecia, got his old job back. Then, the world begins the last half of the 'Great Tribulation the Great'! May God have mercy on it.

Overview Of Today's Stage

The final Empire that spreads over the area covered by the old Grecian Empire, is The Muslim Empire. The other side of the regions spiritual coin.  The Kingdom within the Muslim Empire, that is within the area of the Seleucid portion of the old Grecian Empire, with Bag add as its capital, is The Hashemite Kingdom. [Baghdad is right in the heart of Babylon, Magog]

Because the Arab nations and the Jewish nation came from the same father, the basic problem is, who gets the birthright, and considering the spiritual nature of the entire story, it seems to be the identical warfare between the spirits continuing to play out on earth as it has for centuries. This coming encounter would be just another case of 'again', except, God said, that this time, will be the last time! Because this time it's against His people.

In preparation for this final encounter, according to scripture, it's time for God to fulfill His word to the Church [The RAPTURE], and after that, return His attention back to His Chosen People, and complete the covenant He made with them.

The demon spirits that we know of, Prince Persia and Prince Grecia, occupied that very land, and wound up in the Abyss. Now, when Grecia is released, his assignment is to go right back home and secure the kingdom for Satan. He possesses whom ever is ruling his kingdom at the time. 

That Empire, whose capital is Babylon, Satan's seat, is the Moslem Empire. It's son, the kingdom of Allah's Prophet, Muhammad, is the Hashemite Kingdom, whose capital, Baghdad, is centered right in the middle of the action on today's stage.  And, the Hashemite King, whose Kingdom was stolen from him, by none other than Egypt and Syria, is the key player in the regions peace process, and is being hailed as the Peacemaker, by his friends and enemies alike!

I would anticipate that as part of the peace settlement agreement, he makes a deal that includes the return of Iraq to Hashemite rule. The uprooted there would be replanted with it's rightful heir. [If that happens, Syria better start running because that's his territory, and he does get it back, and the story says Egypt, who challenges the Hashemite Ruler, is defeated.]

Remember, he is the religious royalty, he is guaranteed his continuance, by treaty, of his hereditary role, of being in charge of the holy shrines of the Muslims. Remember also, that the Jews get to rebuild their temple, and resume animal sacrifice as a result of the peace. At present, he has the say about that. The story says that the outer court is for the gentiles, and the Dome is in the outer court.

Jordan just got another one hundred million dollars, in weapons, from the U.S., with another two hundred million dollars worth on the way. What the heck is he going to do with all those weapons, they're at the peace table! How much more would he need if he were at the war table? It's not a very long leap to say that maybe he's showing just how resolved the interests of his friends are about a favorable decision to trade Iraq for the temple. The West is involved for sure, but in the capacity of finance, military aid and strategy, but it is him that they are sponsoring, to their best interest for sure, and when the double cross happens, it happens to them also. The guy in the story is a master of deceit, and the god he worships is the god of munitions. How interesting.

The Hashemite King is religious royalty, the heir to the throne of Muhammad, prophet of Allah, he's the rightful owner of the Hashemite Kingdom, keeper of the keys to the holy shrines of Allah. His present Kingdom, Jordan, isn't worth a pittance as compared to Iraq, and it really belongs to the Palestinians. That would be a righteous trade, make peace by giving up a little self rule on part of your dessert Kingdom to it's rightful owners, for the milk and honey of Iraq. Artaxerxes, the king of the Medes, did it for the Jews, during Nehemiah's time, and Satan always has his caricature.

The whole drama fits Daniels' end time prophecy to a tee.

Because the warfare is between the spirits, as reported to Daniel, when Prince Grecia gets paroled from the ABYSS, he will make a play to regain his former territory, because the earthly king is about to get it back, and then, from there, he will unleash Satan's own version of Armageddon on God's people, the Jews.

That's Satins Seat. He's owned it through all the Empires and Kingdoms, and in the time of the 'little horn's' kingdom, [the seventh kingdom, in the end time, our time], half way through it's time, [set by God, from it's start], it becomes the eighth kingdom. Because now, as the seventh kingdom, it is on the scene again and Prince Grecia occupies it again, just as Satan always has. And the earthly mouth  that is given to him, he gets through the earthly ruler of the kingdom at the time, and that kingdom is the Hashemite Kingdom, a kingdom wounded as to death, restored back to life! - Lo, Prince Hashemite comes!

If our time is the preached 'END TIMES', this is the reason it is. Otherwise, show me what else is occurring on the stage of history today that even closely resembles Daniels' end time prophecies that would give the religious leaders of the world a reason to preach that these are the end times of the Bible.

Daniels prophecy was about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, you have to look there, not in the EC. Daniel was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama playing out on the world's stage, then it is it's time!

CHN Staff writer

THE PRINCE OF GRECIA

 

Once you understand it, the tie between the beast in Daniel 10 and Revelation 13 and 17 points directly at the identity of the spiritual force behind the 'little horn' character that turns a heretofore benevolent ruler into a mighty force the world will have to reckon with. 

You will never understand the connection if you don't believe in spiritual forces [demons]. 

You can't say you believe in the Bible, and then say you don't believe in demons. This is not going to be a lesson in demonology, you'll have to discover their reality from the Bible yourself, or wait until I do an article on the subject. For the purpose of this little adventure of discovery, you'll just have to take scriptures word on it, and go for the gestalt of the picture that's painted.

The one thing about demons you do need to know is that there is a place that they are kept when they are defeated. [We're talking about spirits here, they don't die, they get bound]. The place is referred to as The Abyss, The Pit, The Bottomless Pit, but the word that is being translated is ABYSS. The 'legions' [of demons] that possessed the demoniac that Jesus encountered were worried that He was sending them to the Abyss before their time. Revelations says Satan will be bound there for a thousand years, and calls for the 'locust demons' and The Prince of Grecia to come out of there.

Prince Grecia is the central focus of our story. The angelic citizens of Heaven who have fallen have some kind of pecking order, as there are Princes, Chief Princes, and demons. A Chief Prince, some Princes, and a mess of demons are in charge of this world. They rule! And, they rule through us, the citizens of earth.

In Daniel we learn that at one time, Prince Grecia, an angelic prince from among the ranks of the fallen, was ruler over the earthly Greek Prince, Alexander, whose military exploits in early B.C., gained him the historic title, 'Alexander The Great'. 

Those military exploits play an important role in this story, because Daniel tells us that when Alexander comes into the scene in history, he easily uproots and replaces a formerly unbeatable Medo-Persian Empire, also that he would die at the height of his power, his kingdom would split into four parts, and the rulers of those parts would not be his prodigy, nor rule in HIS POWER. So, the divided kingdom would no longer be ruled by Prince Grecia [defeated spirits go to the ABYSS]. This was all depicted in the prophecy as a Goat and a Ram, and then clearly interpreted by the angel.

Daniel had already seen this kingdom twice before. Once as the 'sides and belly of brass', of king Nebuchadnezzar's' dream, then again as the leopard in his own dream, and now the meaning becomes clear when he sees it for the third time, up close, with the Goat and the Ram and their explanation.

The angel bringing this message to Daniel told him a story about his delayed arrival that exposes the 'angel hierarchy'. He tells Daniel that he had heard his prayer three weeks earlier, but his arrival was delayed because of a battle he had to fight with the Prince of Persia. Daniel was in the court of the earthly Prince of Persia and the fight wasn't with him. It was the spiritual head of the Empire, the fallen Prince, Persia. The angel told Daniel that he enlisted the help of Prince Michael, the Chief of Heavenly Princes, someone who owed him a favor, to fight a sort of holding action, while he delivered his message. Then he said, when he returns to the battle, the Prince of Persia would be no more [off to the ABYSS], but, lo, the Prince of Grecia comes.

That explains why Medo-Persia fell so easily to Alexander. The former spiritual head of the kingdom had been defeated in a battle with Michael and Gabriel, leaving the territory vulnerable to the invasion by another spiritual head. And when Alexander comes on the scene so does the Prince of Grecia! When The Great Alex dies, the spiritual head, Prince Grecia, [does not pass go, does not collect $200], he goes directly to the ABYSS, wounded, as was slain to death, locked up with his pal, Prince Persia, the 'locust demons', and the rest of God knows what.

In Revelations, John sees the same seven headed, ten horned beast that Daniel had seen. Here the beasts [kingdoms], are described as the animals depicted in Daniels' vision. The beast, looked like a leopard [it's leader had the swiftness and DEMON POWER of Prince Grecia], had feet like a bear [his kingdom is in the territory of the Medes], had the mouth of a lion [his capital is in Babylon], and the dragon [he's on Satan's payroll] gave him his seat and great authority.

These are the characteristics, in broad brush, of the demon behind Antichrist and his Kingdom. 

John narrows his focus to one of the seven heads. He looks at the head that was wounded, as to death, and saw it's 'deadly wound' was healed. When Daniel saw this same head, in his vision, it was described as; the beast that 'was, is not, and shall come again'.

Bound in the ABYSS to a spirit being is the same as death to us. Once there, there's no getting out, they're the same as dead! Getting out of the ABYSS and regaining your former stature would constitute the healing of a deadly wound. This is the spirit we are talking about in this passage, so the spirit head was wounded, as to death, and later, he regains his spiritual leadership role, thereby healing his mortal wounds. And then, after he's back in charge, he gets a mouth! A person to speak his words. 

That's the day [and it is one of God's set times] when benevolence dissolves into GOG. And, he's back in Magog, his old headquarters.

This is explained by the angel in Revelations 17. The angel told him the beast [the wounded head spirit] that you're looking at, was [before Johns' time], is not [during Johns' time], and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit [the ABYSS], and go into perdition [evil deeds], and become the eighth in a line of a succession of kings that started with ancient Egypt and flowed through Babylon. They were Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Grecia, Rome, end time (seventh kingdom) and Antichrists, the eighth.

He, the wounded head spirit, is the eighth head, but he came out of the seventh kingdom. The seventh kingdom is the end time, physical kingdom, lead by the seventh physical king.

The seventh king, comes out of ten kings from that region, acts as the peacemaker, is given back his ancestral throne [the 'little horn', seventh kingdom], whose capital is Baghdad, and whose kingdom is within the area of the Seleucid portion of the Old Grecian Empire, Prince Grecia's old domain.

The spiritual leader of that kingdom, Prince Grecia, possesses the seventh king, and becomes the eighth ruler in succession. The former Prince of the Empire, Prince Grecia, got his old job back. Then, the world begins the last half of the 'Great Tribulation the Great'! May God have mercy on it.

Overview Of Today's Stage

The final Empire that spreads over the area covered by the old Grecian Empire, is The Muslim Empire. The other side of the regions spiritual coin.  The Kingdom within the Muslim Empire, that is within the area of the Seleucid portion of the old Grecian Empire, with Bag add as its capital, is The Hashemite Kingdom. [Baghdad is right in the heart of Babylon, Magog]

Because the Arab nations and the Jewish nation came from the same father, the basic problem is, who gets the birthright, and considering the spiritual nature of the entire story, it seems to be the identical warfare between the spirits continuing to play out on earth as it has for centuries. This coming encounter would be just another case of 'again', except, God said, that this time, will be the last time! Because this time it's against His people.

In preparation for this final encounter, according to scripture, it's time for God to fulfill His word to the Church [The RAPTURE], and after that, return His attention back to His Chosen People, and complete the covenant He made with them.

The demon spirits that we know of, Prince Persia and Prince Grecia, occupied that very land, and wound up in the Abyss. Now, when Grecia is released, his assignment is to go right back home and secure the kingdom for Satan. He possesses whom ever is ruling his kingdom at the time. 

That Empire, whose capital is Babylon, Satan's seat, is the Moslem Empire. It's son, the kingdom of Allah's Prophet, Muhammad, is the Hashemite Kingdom, whose capital, Baghdad, is centered right in the middle of the action on today's stage.  And, the Hashemite King, whose Kingdom was stolen from him, by none other than Egypt and Syria, is the key player in the regions peace process, and is being hailed as the Peacemaker, by his friends and enemies alike!

I would anticipate that as part of the peace settlement agreement, he makes a deal that includes the return of Iraq to Hashemite rule. The uprooted there would be replanted with it's rightful heir. [If that happens, Syria better start running because that's his territory, and he does get it back, and the story says Egypt, who challenges the Hashemite Ruler, is defeated.]

Remember, he is the religious royalty, he is guaranteed his continuance, by treaty, of his hereditary role, of being in charge of the holy shrines of the Muslims. Remember also, that the Jews get to rebuild their temple, and resume animal sacrifice as a result of the peace. At present, he has the say about that. The story says that the outer court is for the gentiles, and the Dome is in the outer court.

Jordan just got another one hundred million dollars, in weapons, from the U.S., with another two hundred million dollars worth on the way. What the heck is he going to do with all those weapons, they're at the peace table! How much more would he need if he were at the war table? It's not a very long leap to say that maybe he's showing just how resolved the interests of his friends are about a favorable decision to trade Iraq for the temple. The West is involved for sure, but in the capacity of finance, military aid and strategy, but it is him that they are sponsoring, to their best interest for sure, and when the double cross happens, it happens to them also. The guy in the story is a master of deceit, and the god he worships is the god of munitions. How interesting.

The Hashemite King is religious royalty, the heir to the throne of Muhammad, prophet of Allah, he's the rightful owner of the Hashemite Kingdom, keeper of the keys to the holy shrines of Allah. His present Kingdom, Jordan, isn't worth a pittance as compared to Iraq, and it really belongs to the Palestinians. That would be a righteous trade, make peace by giving up a little self rule on part of your dessert Kingdom to it's rightful owners, for the milk and honey of Iraq. Artaxerxes, the king of the Medes, did it for the Jews, during Nehemiah's time, and Satan always has his caricature.

The whole drama fits Daniels' end time prophecy to a tee.

Because the warfare is between the spirits, as reported to Daniel, when Prince Grecia gets paroled from the ABYSS, he will make a play to regain his former territory, because the earthly king is about to get it back, and then, from there, he will unleash Satan's own version of Armageddon on God's people, the Jews.

That's Satins Seat. He's owned it through all the Empires and Kingdoms, and in the time of the 'little horn's' kingdom, [the seventh kingdom, in the end time, our time], half way through it's time, [set by God, from it's start], it becomes the eighth kingdom. Because now, as the seventh kingdom, it is on the scene again and Prince Grecia occupies it again, just as Satan always has. And the earthly mouth  that is given to him, he gets through the earthly ruler of the kingdom at the time, and that kingdom is the Hashemite Kingdom, a kingdom wounded as to death, restored back to life! - Lo, Prince Hashemite comes!

If our time is the preached 'END TIMES', this is the reason it is. Otherwise, show me what else is occurring on the stage of history today that even closely resembles Daniels' end time prophecies that would give the religious leaders of the world a reason to preach that these are the end times of the Bible.

Daniels prophecy was about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, you have to look there, not in the EC. Daniel was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama playing out on the world's stage, then it is it's time!

Therefore, it is the end time!

By Staff Writer

The Whole World In His hands


"The most high ruleth in the kingdom of men,
and giveth it to whomsoever he will"
(Dan.4:17,25,32)

In Daniel, Chapter 4, God repeats this phrase three times, and if you know Gods numerology, then you know that the number 3 stands for 'manifestation', and the number 4 represents the 'earth'.

Nothing could be clearer than the manifestation that God is making to the people of the earth. He's in control. The whole world is in HIS hands, and He doesn't want you to forget it. And, for those of us who make Jesus our Lord and Master, this is a blessing we can count on during these last days.

God's seven thousand year plan is closing in on the completion of the sixth millennium. There are things happening on the earth today that confound the minds of Christian people, but God is assuring us that He's in Control, so keep your eyes on Him. Focus on the prophecies pertinent to this time, and heed their message. If you do this, your redemption will not sneak in, like a thief in the night, as Satan would have it, but will be sung in by a united Christian family, rejoicing, and marveling at the wonder, of the love that God has for them. He provided for us the way in which to watch the drama of the end play out on the stage of history, right up to the day of our catching away to be with Him forever.

Because Daniel was the prophet of the Jews, and his prophecies concern their last days, we can explore what God is foretelling the latter day, end time Jews, and how this message to them has provided the Christian world with a time for rejoicing during those days.

Paul was introduced to Gods 'fail safe' program, The Church, after the Jews formally rejected Jesus of Nazareth, Our Lord, as the promised Messiah. The Church was to be a body of believers in, and followers of, the Messiah, Jesus. They were to be assembled from throughout the world, and given, by grace [unmerited favor], the reward promised the chosen people for their strict obedience to the covenant made with them.

The new covenant people would be a branch grafted on to the tree of the root of Abraham. As the atonement for sin was accomplished by Jesus, the Christians, rather than the Jews, would now become the joint inheritors of the promises of God, through Jesus, the Messiah. This left Gods covenant with the Jews unfulfilled at the time, and yet so, to this day.

But, in Daniels prophecy of the last days, God provides for a seven year period in which He refocuses on the Jews, and completes the covenant he made with them. In Daniels prophecy, we learn that a time will come in history when Israel, and the nations surrounding it will be in such turmoil, that a peace among those nations becomes the only viable option. 

The person bringing that peace, would be a king of the time, and one among ten other kings of the area bound in a loose confederacy agreeing on a peace plan with Israel. There would be dissension on the part of three of the kings, causing them to be uprooted.

The peacemaker king would be of little significance as far as the kingdom he rules is concerned, but he personally, in time would grow to become very powerful.

At the time of the peace, the peacemaker king is presiding over a lesser kingdom than his true rank allows for, as his true kingdom was stolen in a military junta, killing a large part of his family in the takeover. Personally, he is highly respected for mainly two reasons; he has powerful Arab and western friends, who sponsor his very existence, and because, except for the Jews in Israel, he lives in a land dominated by the followers of Allah, their one true god, and he is the descendant of Muhammad, the prophet of Allah, and hereditary ruler of the stolen kingdom, The Hashemite Kingdom, which he has vowed to regain, and return to Hashemite rule. By treaty, he is the keeper of the keys to the holy shrines of the Muslims in Jerusalem. He presently controls the Temple Mount.

Daniel tells us the peace that is agreed upon provides for the Jews to rebuild their Temple, on Temple Mount, in Jerusalem, and resume animal sacrifice for the atonement of their sins, which has not been practiced since the year 70 A.D. 

According to the Jews today, when their Messiah, who could be anyone, comes on the scene, he will bring peace and security to Israel, and rebuild the temple. That's what they are looking for, and that is what will blind them to the false deliverer, who provides them with these two things. They are being set up right this minute as we speak.

Daniels prophecy goes on to describe many other events that will happen to the Jews, and finally the return of Jesus with His saints [us] in the battle of Armageddon, where He is victorious over Satan world, and begins His reign of one thousand years on earth.

I glossed over the ending, because the part that concerns the Christians happens in the beginning of the prophecy.

First, Paul tells us that the peace that is made will never be seen by the Christians. They will undoubtedly see the events leading to peace, but not the declaration of the peace. The catching away of the Church [the Rapture] will happen prior to that peace declaration.

Sit up and pay particular attention to this. Enough background, here comes the message. Here is where Gods provision comes in so that we can watch our redemption come to pass.

God told Daniel to seal up the prophecy, in order that it might be unsealed in its time. That means that when you can see the events spoken of in the prophecy, happening in time, then, and only then could the fulfillment come to pass. Only at the time of the fulfillment will you be able to clearly see the events taking place. 

So, there is no sense saying we are in end times, at this time, if the drama spelled out in the prophecy, is not being played out on the stage of history today.

This not a matter of denominational beliefs, or doctrine, or philosophy. This is pure history, and reading it in relation to Daniels prophecy. And, we don't want you to take our word for it, just take a look through our glasses, and then tell us that it isn't happening.

You will see it, even the blind can't miss it. God said you would be able to see, so if you say you believe in the Bible, then you owe it to yourself to at least take a look. It won't hurt, it will bring joy to your life, just as Paul admonishes you.

IThes.5:6-16 Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober - But let us, who are of the day [us, now], be sober, putting on the breast plate of faith and love; and for an helmet, the hope of salvation. For God hath not appointed us to wrath, but to obtain salvation by our Lord Jesus Christ, who died for us, that, whether we wake or sleep, we should live together with Him. Wherefore comfort yourselves together, and edify one another, even as also ye do. And we beseech you, brethren, to know them which labor among you, and are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; and to esteem them very highly in love for their work's sake. And, be at peace among yourselves. Now we exhort you, brethren, warn them that are unruly, comfort the feeble minded, support the weak, be patient toward all men. See that none render evil for evil unto any man; but ever follow that which is good, both among yourselves, and to all men. Rejoice evermore.

Have you ever heard anything any more clear than that?
 Wake up, your redemption is closer than you think! 

 God specifically points out that you will see Daniels prophecy when the seal is broken, and it comes spilling out on to the stage of history. Paul tells us, the end time people, to wake up and smell the coffee, and sing in your redemption, because it's not hidden, and most of all, BE AT PEACE AMONG YOURSELVES, and REJOICE EVERMORE!

If Daniels drama isn't happening, then I don't care how many other minor alignments are on the scene, the time isn't now. All the alignments align on Daniel, Daniel doesn't align on them! The Key to the end times is Daniel!

Read the story of the Rise of Antichrist - The Peacemaker, and Right Leg? Left Leg? - The EC is in the wrong leg. These articles can be found on our web site at http://www chn-net.com. They will go into more detail on how the drama is playing out, who the players are, and where we stand in biblical time as of today.

Everyone, Christian and non Christian alike owes it to themselves to take a look. When you do, you will find the glory of God shinning in the fulfillment of his word.

God Bless you.

KING
NEBUCHADNEZZAR'S
DREAM

DANIEL - CHAPTER 2
DANIELS TELLS THE DREAM


Commentary
Follows The Study


31. Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image, whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form thereof was terrible.

32. This image's head was of fine gold, his breast and his arms of silver, his belly and his thighs of brass,

33. His legs of iron, his feet part of iron and part of clay.

34. Thou sawest till that a stone was cut out without hands, which smote the image upon his feet that were of iron and clay, and brake them to pieces.

35. Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, the silver, and the gold, broken to pieces together, and became like the chaff of the summer threshingfloors; and the wind carried them away, that no place was found for them: and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth.

36. This is the dream; and we will tell the interpretation thereof before the king.

DANIEL'S INTERPRETATION

37. Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory.

38.  And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all. Thou art this head of gold.

39. And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth.

40. And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron: forasmuch as iron breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things: and as iron that breaketh all these, shall it break in pieces and bruise.

41. And whereas thou sawest the feet and toes, part of potters' clay, and part of iron, the kingdom shall be divided; but there shall be in it of the strength of the iron, forasmuch as thou sawest the iron mixed with miry clay.

42. And as the toes of the feet were part of iron, and part of clay, so the kingdom shall be partly strong, and partly broken.

43. And whereas thou sawest iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men: but they shall not cleave one to another, even as iron is not mixed with clay.

44. And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.

45. Forasmuch as thou sawest that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it brake in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God hath made known to the king what shall come to pass hereafter: and the dream is certain, and the interpretation thereof sure.
 

THE OUTCOME

46.             Then the king Nebuchadnezzar fell upon his face, and worshipped Daniel, and commanded that they should offer an oblation and sweet odours unto him.

47.             The king answered unto Daniel, and said, Of a truth it is, that your God is a God of gods, and a Lord of kings, and a revealer of secrets, seeing thou couldest reveal this secret.

48.             Then the king made Daniel a great man, and gave him many great gifts, and made him ruler over the whole province of Babylon, and chief of the governors over all the wise men of Babylon.

49.             Then Daniel requested of the king, and he set Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, over the affairs of the province of Babylon: but Daniel sat in the gate of the king.

MAP OF THE
TERRITORIES OF THE KINGS DREAM
AND DANIELS DREAM


The Babylonian Empire The Medo-Persian Empire The Grecian Empire

The East Roman Empire The Seleucid Portion - Old Grecian Empire
 

CHAPTER 7
DANIELS DREAM
OVERVIEW 


In verses 4-8 - Daniel has a dream, and it depicts the same territories as the kings dream, only in his dream he sees them as animals [beasts].

He saw four great beasts come upon the earth. The first was like a LION [Babylon].

The second was like a BEAR [Medo-Persia].

The third was like a LEOPARD [Grecia], and it had four heads.

The fourth, known as the NON-DESCRIPT BEAST, not depicted, [Rome], had great iron teeth, was dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly and was diverse from all the other beasts, and it had ten horns.

And, while he was considering the horns, another 'little horn' came up among them, by whom three of the first horns were plucked up by the roots. And the 'little horn' had eyes and a mouth speaking great things. Then God appeared and destroyed this 'little horn' and his body was given to the burning flame.

In verses 17-27, Daniel is told that the 'little horn', will make war with the Jews and prevailed, until God came along and destroyed him, and the time came that they possessed the kingdom.

He is told that the fourth beast, would be the fourth kingdom to arise [Rome], and that it would be diverse from all the other kingdoms, and would devour the whole earth, and tread it down and break it in pieces. And, the ten horns out of this kingdom, are ten kings, that shall arise, and another shall rise after them, he shall be diverse for the first, and he shall subdue three kings.

The 'little horn' will speak great words against God, he will think to change times and laws, and the Jews will be given into his hands for three and a half years. But, God's judgment shall sit, and take away his dominion, and it will be given to the people of God for ever and ever.

CHAPTER 8
DANIEL DREAMS AGAIN


In verses 4-25, Daniel tells of another dream. He saw a RAM, with two horns, pushing westward, northward and southward, no one could stand in his way, and he became great.

Then before he knew it, a GOAT, with a notable horn between his eyes, came rushing out of the west, so fast that his feet didn't even touch the ground. He ran into the RAM with such power that he smote the RAM.

Now, the GOAT waxed very great, and when he was very strong, his great horn was broken, and four notable ones came up in it's place. And, out of them, came a little horn, which waxed exceedingly great towards the south and the east and towards Israel.

It is interpreted by the messenger that the RAM is the king of Medo-Persia, and the GOAT is the king of Grecia, and the great horn between his eyes, is Alexander the great.

The four horns that come up in his stead are four kingdoms that come out of that nation, but they don't rule in his power. [Cassandra - Lysimachus - Ptolemy - Seleucus]

And, in the end time of these kingdoms, a king of fierce countenance shall stand up [the 'little horn']. And, his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power. He is going to destroy mighty ones, and the holy places. He shall come up against the Prince of Princes, and will be broken without hands. [not by man]

This is the story of the Rise of Antichrist, and also his fall, as told in symbol to King Nebuchadnezzar in his dream, and to Daniel in his dreams.



The kings dream interpretation is the first of Daniels prophecy, and in it, the entire story is told to him from beginning to end without regard for time. It isn't until later that his visions start telescoping in on the details of the events. He was amazed and astounded at what he was shown, and constantly asked for clarification about what he saw. The Jewish scholars tell us that angel showing these things to him is Gabriel. Gabriel explains everything clearly to Daniel, so he would not be confused. That's why it is so clear to us. There is nothing hidden in the symbolism of the beasts, once you understand the whole picture of what's going on. To put the final piece of the picture in place is John's job, in revelation.

By combining Daniel and Revelations the explanations become clear as to their spiritual significance, their earthly location and earthly manifestations. [The study on these points are published in the CHN Newsletter. Read: The Beast Behind Antichrist and Right Leg? Left Leg?]

The entire point of the story is the end. The history outlined and focused on, takes the reader on a tour from whence it came, and along the way exposes the pertinent attributes that came out of each reign of each kingdom. This also puts a definite time line into the story. In fact, the prophecy is about time. They were given to be understood in 'their time', the 'end time', because that is the only time they will be seen. Until then, with no real-time manifestation in your midst, they are just another prophecy, waiting for their time to come onto the stage of history.

But, when you have scenes from the prophecy taking place on the real-time stage of history, then they can be understood. With a previous knowledge and understanding of the scope of the story, you could relate it to the real-time events. Once you find the story on the stage of history, then you can say that now you understand it's meaning, and a prophecy becomes fulfilled. Anyone who recognizes the same, is also fulfilling the prophecy that it would be understood in it's time. This is a natural occurrence. Just as in my youth, I only dreamt of the world of computers, and me going into space [didn't know it would be cyberspace], but now, during this time, I can say that I understand the reality of what was only a dream just fifty years ago.

When you find it on the stage of present history, that automatically puts you into it's time, so you can even speculate as to it's course, using as bearings the course that its on and the destination it is trying to reach.

With respect to the end time prophecy, we believe we are witnessing the unfolding of Daniels' end time story in our time. We know that preachers around the world are united about being in the end times, but they interpret the events slanted by denominational religious tradition. But, for where ever they are coming from, they're correct.

I challenge you to show us anything else, besides Daniels Prophecy, occurring on the present day stage of history that would encourage preachers, from around the world, to tell us, and expect us to believe, that these are the end times of the Biblical prophecy.

Required here is a purely objective point of view. Assessing the prophecy and the events without bias. Using the story as the exact truth, and overlaying the present world circumstances, clear out to the fringes, is the only way you can have even the remotest chance of seeing the truth of the matter. You can not cloud it over with what you think you know based on religion, because religion is based on tradition, and tradition makes void the word of God.

Daniels prophecy is about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, look there. He was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama going on there now, then it is end times.

That is the story that we are telling here. Our basis is not because we are prophets, or think we were spoken to by Gabriel, or any such thing. We are 'amateur' eschatologists, with a consuming interest in the end times. We have been quiet observers of the day to day happenings of even the most insignificant events related to end time prophecy and real-time events for sixteen years. Also, we are Bible students who diligently pursue their meaning.

We believe that the events presently occurring in the Middle East, have reached the point in the story where the 'little horn' character is in place, and can be identified. Watching him in his big scene as it plays out leads you to know just how close we are to the Rapture of the Church.

The study before you makes a solid, scripture supported case for the identity of the 'little horn', and presents a scenario of the outcome based on the prophecy. We see it happening. If you are on the tour, stay on and get informed.

For you folks who ascribe to the Rapture of the Church and believe that it is imminent, I think you'll find "The Rapture of the Church" especially interesting and informative.

THE RISE OF
ANTICHRIST

THE PEACEMAKER


One of the most mysterious, misunderstood, and maligned words in the English language is 'Antichrist'. The word is a cognate of Anti, and Christ. Anti=false, and Christ=deliverer. So the word means 'false deliverer'.

In the context that is used in scripture, it refers to an end time individual who the Jews mistakenly identify as their worldly deliverer. Mistakenly, because later, he recognizes and seizes an opportunity, that causes him to break the deal he made with them, and turn against them.

The Jews didn't accept Jesus as their deliverer in His time, because of the way Isaiah 61, verse 2 is read and understood by the Jews.

The following demonstration will de-mystify the entire matter, and open up a whole new world to you.

In Chapter 61, Isaiah is describing the mission of the Christ. He says, "the spirit of the Lord is upon me; because the Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek, He hath sent me to bind up the broken hearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and opening of the prison to them that are bound; To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord, AND the day of vengeance of our God; to comfort all that mourn."

[It is important to understand that the scripture they read from at the time was the Septuagint version of the Bible. It was written in Greek, and there was no punctuation. Isaiah was a prophet who saw his visions as all one piece. He saw it from beginning to end, without regard for time. He just saw it, and said, God said that's the way it's going to be. The last line of this scripture describes the missions of both the first and second coming of Christ. First as the lamb of God, and second in vengeance.]

The correct punctuation to this verse is so important to future history, that it is placed there by none other than Jesus Himself.

Isaiah 61 is the first verse of scripture Jesus read on the day that He began His ministry. The event is recorded in Luke, Chapter 4, verses 16-21. v16 - "And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up; and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up for to read. v17 - And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esaias. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written, v18 - The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised, v19 - To preach the acceptable year of the Lord. v20 - And He closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were fastened on him. v21 - And, He began to say unto them, This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears."

Jesus knew that there would be a time gap, between the first part and second part where the 'AND' is, which proclaims His coming to fulfill "the day of vengeance of our God, to comfort all that mourn".

But, by closing the book, and telling them, "today this scripture was fulfilled in their ears", the part before the 'AND', Jesus punctuates that passage with a period. It would not have been factual for Him to have finished the sentence after the 'AND'.

The people and the ministers in the synagogue that day got so upset with Jesus for saying those words that they wanted to kill him right there. They followed Him out of town, and were going to throw him off a cliff.

Because the record of the punctuation that Jesus put on this very important passage is in the New Testament, the Jews continue to read Isaiah 61 in the same old way, because they rejected Jesus, and don't read the New Testament.

There are three instances, in the bible, where the incident of Christ first coming is separated by punctuation. In Isaiah 61, it is punctuated with a comma. In Luke 4, with a period, and Daniel 9 uses a colon. The correct punctuation is the period, as that's how Jesus actually read it.



You miss the real important things when you're not informed.



The Jews are still waiting for the deliverer of Isaiah 61, who comes in vengeance to destroy their enemies. And that will be their downfall again, because He will come, but not until after a person, who, at the appointed time, uses that knowledge to deceive a majority of them into thinking that he is their earthly deliverer. That person will be the false deliverer / Antichrist. And the story confirmed by Jesus in Matthew 24 and brutally spelled out in the Book of Revelations is the result. But, by then the Church is gone, so the prophecy in them are for those left here.

The scriptures reveal a lot about this person who turns out to be the false deliverer. In them we discover his origins, his motivation, his reign of seven years and his actions during each of the first and second half of his reign.

He is called by many names. Man of Sin, Son of Perdition, The Wicked One, The Beast, The Little Horn, Gog, Antichrist, the prince that shall come and The Peacemaker. But they're all the same person.

In his time he is really three things. First he is a person. later he's also a government, and finally he and his government are spirit ruled. We know that he comes on the scene in peace. We know that his swiftness and cunning are as Alexander the great, that his territory is in the land of the Old Medo-Persian domain, his capital is Baghdad, his goal is power, and he is ruled by a spirit during the last half of his reign. We know that the spirit that rules him is the evil prince of Grecia, the same spirit that once ruled the Grecian Conqueror, Alexander. [see The Spirit Behind Antichrist in the CHN Newsletter]

We know that he rises to power from within a group of ten kings from the Eastern Leg [see Right Leg? - Left Leg ? in the CHN Newsletter] of the Old Roman Empire. We know that he brings about a peace agreement between the Jews, and the other kings, that permits the Jews to rebuild their temple and resume sacrificing. We know he uproots three of the ten kings from whence he came. We know that after three and a half years he breaks his deal with all of them, and takes over.

The story takes us to a time in history when the world's attention is focused on the kingdoms of the Middle east, because the trouble brewing there, is leading to some extremely bad news for the world. But, a peacemaker, one of the kings of the region, enters stage left, just in the nick of time, provides the recipe for peace, and gets things peaceful and quieted down for a while. [three and one half years] 

The worlds undivided attention is presently being directed towards those very kings, and that very territory, and for good reason.

It started with the rebirth of the free state of Israel, in 1948, and has become an escalating source as an 'attention getter' over the years, as it evolved into its present status.  It began to get serious notice in 1973, with the oil crisis, OPEC, and how the balance of money shifted towards the mid-east. It reached the state of undivided, when Saddam decided to make a play for the oil, in a move that he anticipated would bring great power and authority to himself, and the respect of his fellows.

His actions brought about the opposite. He gained no ones respect, and his military might was quelled. Well, at least for the time being. He is a madman, who had the power to use chemical, biological and nuclear weapons against his enemies. He hates the Jews, and wants them out of there, and he also knows what power the oil commands.

Rightly, the worlds leaders agree that, he, nor any of his pals, can be allowed to destroy that part of the world. The oil is too important. Their fanatical contempt for the Jews, is the underlying cause that might incite one of them to destroy, not only the Jews, but potentially millions around the world, and the OIL! 

Saddam demonstrated the he had no regard for the oil, he set it ablaze! He had no regard for human life, he used chemicals on the Kurds! His pals, Kadahfi of Libya, and Hassad of Syria are no better. They sponsor the terrorist groups that keep the area in turmoil, so they won't make peace. They even have the audacity to threaten the United States with their terrorist acts in this country, trying to keep us out of their business. But, their business is our business, so, along with the rest of the semi-sane world, we're in their faces. 

The world tuned in CNN and watched with amazement, in living color, as a united coalition joined in a quick decisive war against Saddam, saved the oil from near disaster, and reduced his potential immediate threat. Yet, the rumblings from those countries continues to grow louder each day.

What's really needed there right now, is a peaceful solution, so the world can have time to stabilize its' oil based economy, and secure it's future.

On today's stage, the scene that is called for in the story requiring the emergence of the 'little horn' character has arrived. And, there's a player on stage, bewildering the cast, with his inspiringly motivated, 'little horn', performance.

He is of sufficient stature, has a focused motivation, [known only to him] and the necessary commodity to make it work. Presently negotiating a plan for peace that must satisfy the greatest majority, so peace can be declared. Anyone dissatisfied enough, after that, to raise their weapons against peace, would be dealt with for the common good, by the common military. 

The on-stage player in this high steaks game of power  fits the description of the 'little horn' character to a tee. First, his kingdom is insignificant. It was a gift, has very few natural resources, very little money, and is on Palestinian land. However, his regal descendancy, his true identity, is through the Hashemite Kingdom of the old Muslim Empire, the seventh Empire on the Babylonian Land of old; religious royalty, descendants of the prophet Muhammad. A true gentleman, progressive leader, military strategist and survivor. He is alive mostly because of his powerful western friends, his cunning, and his willingness to get along with everyone in the region, just to keep what he has.

Several attempts have been made on his life since 1952 when he ascended his throne, after the death of his grandfather. In 1958 his cousin, King Fisal II of Iraq, and his family, were assassinated, in a military junta, sponsored by Egypt and Syria. Then they tried to over throw him, but the USA, the Brits and his loyal locals, along with his own courage and military ability, saved the day. However, he has vowed to regain control of his Hashemite land of Iraq that was lost at the time. King Hussein, the Hashemite King, and 42nd descendant of the Prophet Muhammad died in February of 1999 and was replaced by his eldest son Abdullah bin Hussein. King Abdullah is the new Hashemite King.

His kingdom is a small, poor place under great pressure and threats from all around him. He must really despise Egypt and Syria for what they have done to he, his family, and his kingdom, yet he does anything it takes to keep the peace with them.  In August 1967, when the entire region was plotting against the Jews, he attended the conference in Khartoum, out of which came the 'three no's" resolution [no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, and no negotiations with Israel], while all the time secretly meeting with Israel for over fifteen years to keep better relations with them. But, he never would make peace with them, for fear of reprisals from other Arab nations.

In the 1973 war, he refused to join Syria and Egypt in a surprise attack against Israel, but he sent a few tanks to the Golan Heights in support of Syria. [he has to go the way the wind blows] He got sucked into the '67 war, and was massacred. He lost troops, and land, lots of his best land, the west bank. He immediately started secretly meeting with Israel for cultivation rights. He was stuck with 200,000 Palestinian refugees, a problem that he feared at the time could overtake him and cause him to loose his kingdom. He helped when Carter got Sadat and Begin together, when Israel made peace with Egypt. He has always been a spokesman for peace in the region, because he needs it worse than anyone. He gets pushed around more than any other nation in the Mideast.

When the PLO came into his country, he had to accommodate them, and got pushed around by Arafat, but all the while, still secretly meeting with Israel. During the Gulf war, he sided with Iraq, because 40 percent of his money came from trade with Iraq. But, he was secretly a double agent for his best friends, the USA. When Saddam found out about the double cross, he put a bounty on his head.

His main financial support comes from the USA, Britton, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

Now, even he, has finally made an official peace with Israel. And, once again he has been asked, by the worlds leaders, and his Arab coalition, to act as the peacemaker for the region. [That's been going on since 1980] In fact, he has been declared "The Peacemaker" in newspaper headlines. The Saudi's, and the other Arabians are in, Egypt is there and he's on board. They have called him "an honorable man", one that can be trusted. [In the story, he wins his kingdom by flattery. And, since he already owns one, kingdom, that is, it must be another that he is trying to win.] 

Only Syria, Iraq and Libya to go. If Syria goes for peace, Iraq and Libya are in a very precarious position. They have already been warred against, and are under strong warnings. Any armed opposition from them would surely lead to their final uprooting.

[If it happened that Iraq got uprooted, he would be in position to regain his Hashemite Kingdom. That would make him much richer, and a lot more powerful in a big hurry. If Syria took offence to that move, he would be in a position to do a little uprooting in that direction also, and then an even larger part of the old Hashemite Kingdom would be in his hands, and he'd be even richer.]

He would be much admired then, because he would be restored to his ancestral throne, had made peace for the Jews and their neighbors, restored order to that part of the world and stabilized the oil, because now it is in the hands of the sane, rather than the insane, and no more threats. The 'little horn', who started out the underdog, shoved around, and dependent on everyone, is now looking pretty good.

In fact, a couple years of peace and stability would open the way for another Daniel prophecy to come to pass. He will come against the richest provinces when they feel secure. If he regained the Iraqi [Hashemite] Kingdom, and he got control of the Saudi and Kuwaiti Oil, along with his own, and, he had a few of those dirty little toys of Saddams hidden away, you'd wake up one morning, and this 'little horn' would be THE MAN! The center of the money world would suddenly be Babylon! 

If the worlds stage is playing out Daniels' story, then the scene on stage right now, would have to play out with that kind of scenario. The real time, day to day scene in the middle east is presently playing out this exact scenario. The rise of such a person happens in the story, so it will happen on the stage. 

The Hashemite King is a brilliant man. Military strategist, a survivor who has the right motivation. The Hashemite land is properly his, and getting it back while helping the world is righteous. He doesn't do the other stuff until he becomes Gog, ruled by the evil prince of Grecia. Until then, his intentions are solidly founded. Look for him to do something of unequaled significance to bring about peace.

The players are on the stage of history, the drama is being played out, and the scenes that are unfolding are amazingly in line with the events described centuries ago by Daniel.

Daniel was a captured Jew who rose to the highest position in the court of Babylon. He had credibility because he possessed the power of his god. Because of him, King Nebuchadnezzar, declared to his nation, that Daniels' god was God. And now, Daniels' prophesy of the end times of his people and his holy city [Jerusalem] is walking around on the stage of history.

Of the players on the stage, the Hashemite King is the player best positioned, and has been selected, by the rest of the cast, for the role of the peacemaker. The new King, King Abdullah is pictured taking the oath of office adjacent to the portrait of his father King Hussein. His policies and objectives remain true to King Hussein's.

He wants to be everybody's friend, even though secretly, he has to despise those that use him and his present kingdom as a pawn. Iraq and Syria are his greatest enemies, because they sit on his rightful kingdom, which they stole from him. Now, he's wooing Syria to join he, Egypt and the Arabs, to get in on the peace with Israel.

What will Syria do? Is Israel going to continue with the peace? Will the escalation of hostilities in Palestine result in a change of Israeli government? Stay tuned.

That's it right up to January, 1997. [5757 for the Jews] Now you know the prophecy of the rise of Antichrist, and how that prophecy is playing out in our time. It is either happening or it's not. We have been watching and keeping tract of the stage and its' players for 21 years, ever since Egypt made peace with Israel. We never cease to be amazed at the accuracy with which the story is unfolding, which players get what roles, and how all the other parts of this astounding prophecy are aligning.

The reason to watch all of this is simple. The peacemaker can't make the peace, and arise on the scene as the peacemaker until after the church is caught away. By identifying him, through the role he's playing on today's stage, we are able to track his progress towards peace, and thereby watch just how close we are to the Rapture. 

If this is the time, and these are the events, you can't miss but to know who the peacemaker character is, even if it changes from one player to another. The players are the players, the stage is the stage, and the prophecy is the story.

If these are the preached 'END TIMES', this has to be the reason it is. Show me what else is occurring on the stage of history today that even closely resembles the present Mideast circumstances, that would give, to the religious leaders of the world, a reason to preach and have accepted, that these are the end times of the Bible.

Daniels prophecy was about the end time of his people the Jews and their holy city Jerusalem. If you're looking for end times, look there. He was told to seal up the prophecy until it's time. If you find Daniels drama going on there now, then it is end times.

We monitor the daily news around the world to keep abreast of every nuance of the story. We update the story as it happens in the CHN Watchers World Dispatch. Check there often and compare notes.

Don't be fooled by the traditions, and teachings based on traditions, that we can't know any of these things.  As we said in the opening of this study;

You miss all the important things when you're not informed.

 

Enter secondary content here

 

All the material on this page is from the website of

Brother Sal
BROTHER SAL

Ministry Offices

36 Tom Polk Circle
Chico, CA 95973

Web Site
www.chn-net.com

email
chn@chn-net.com

if you wish to view the pics and maps that accompany this material pleas visit his site.I am new at this website stuff and couldn"t figure out to include the pics and maps in it so pleas visit his website.Theirs much more there anyway then what I"ve included here.

Al